Objectives To determine the frequency of retinochoroidal lesions by ocular toxoplasmosis and their relationships with risk factors, in residents of two districts with high exposure to Toxoplasma, in Armenia-Quindío, Colombia. Methods Cross-sectional analyses of fundoscopy screening, serological tests, and questionnaires were performed to determine risk factors associated with ocular toxoplasmosis retinochoroidal lesions. Differences in proportions were analyzed using the chi-squared test. Results Of 161 individuals examined, 17 (10.5%) exhibited retinochoroidal scars suggestive of old inactive Toxoplasma gondii infection. All 17 individuals were seropositive for T. gondii antibodies. Consumption of bottled water was protective against T. gondii infection among individuals in this study. There were no specific epidemiological risk factors associated with ocular toxoplasmosis retinochoroidal lesions. Conclusion Ocular toxoplasmosis is an important cause of visual impairment in Armenia-Quindío, Colombia. The consumption of boiled or bottled water is a major preventive public health measure to reduce infection by T. gondii and the subsequent onset of OT.

Background Moxifloxacin is a fourth-generation fluoroquinolone used as a second-line treatment for multiple bacterial infections. Uveitis has been described as an adverse effect related to this medication. Although several case reports have been published describing uveitis and bilateral acute iris transillumination syndrome related to moxifloxacin, we present a unique case of a patient with severe sequelae associated with bilateral acute iris transillumination syndrome secondary to the use of oral moxifloxacin. Case presentation A 45-year-old Colombian hispanic female presented bilateral conjunctival hyperemia, decreased visual acuity, blurred vision, photophobia, and ocular pain after 15 days of treatment with systemic moxifloxacin for an upper tract respiratory infection. The patient presented unilateral anterior chamber pigment dispersion, mydriatic and nonreactive pupils, extensive iris transillumination defects, and secondary glaucoma. Blood and aqueous humor tests were negative for infectious and autoimmune diseases. Moxifloxacin-induced bilateral acute iris transillumination syndrome was diagnosed. Permanent sequelae such as ocular pain, photophobia, and focus difficulty secondary to severe bilateral iridian atrophy and inability of synkinetic reflex were left. Additionally, glaucoma was diagnosed, and Ahmed valve implantation was required. Conclusions We should be aware of the possible association between moxifloxacin and bilateral acute iris transillumination syndrome. A detailed anamnesis, adequate examination, and laboratory tests are necessary to reach an early diagnosis and treatment to avoid unnecessary therapies. Larger studies should be carried out to understand the pathophysiology, diagnosis, management, and sequelae of the disease.

Case Description: A 16-year-old male patient presented with a 12-days sudden painless loss of vision in his left eye after diving in a lake. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the left eye was counting fingers. Anterior segment was unremarkable. Fundoscopy in the left eye revealed a pre-retinal hemorrhage in the macular region and swept-source ocular coherence tomography (SS-OCT) confirmed the location in the sub-inner limiting membrane (ILM) space. An Neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser membranotomy was performed the next day in order to drain the hemorrhage into the vitreous cavity. A couple of days after, the BCVA in the left eye improved to 20/ 25, at fundoscopy the blood being almost reabsorbed and the SS-OCT showing a resolution of the sub-ILM hemorrhage. Discussion: Due to Valsalva retinopathy, sub-ILM hemorrhage may lead to a sudden painless vision loss. Spontaneous resolution of the hemorrhage is possible but absorption may take a long time. During this period, intraretinal tissue migration and proliferation may lead to permanent structural damage. Posterior vitrectomy is a treatment option but the fact that it is an invasive procedure fuels the search for less invasive treatment methods and Nd:YAG laser membranotomy fits this place. Conclusion: Given the excellent results and low complication rates, Nd:YAG laser membranotomy is highly recommended to treat this condition as it offers a simple, relatively safe and a non-invasive treatment option for drainage of sub-ILM hemorrhages.

We present the clinical case of an 8-years-old male patient with a genetic diagnosis of Stickler syndrome type 1 and the management of associated vitreoretinal complications. The patient had an antecedent of no light perception in his left eye secondary to retinal detachment treated in another health centre. He consulted with a history of blunt trauma in his head with an unremarkable anterior segment and fundus exam. Scleral indentation showed no lesions to be treated in the right eye. We recommended follow-up every six months. The patient did not come to controls. He was consulted three years later because of visual loss in his right eye. Fundus showed a total retinal detachment secondary to a giant retinal tear of 320º with macular involvement and choroidal detachments. Therefore, scleral buckling, lensectomy, pars plana vitrectomy, inferior retinectomy, endovenous laser treatment (endolaser), and silicone oil tamponade were performed. After six weeks of follow-up, the patient presented an inferior re-detachment with grade C3 vitreoretinal proliferation. A new procedure of silicone oil removal, epiretinal membrane removal, enlargement of inferior retinectomy, endolaser, and silicone oil tamponade was indicated. After 6-months of follow-up, no new retinal detachment was presented, and the best-corrected visual acuity was 20/100.

Behçet's disease (BD), also known as "silk road disease" [1], was first described in 1937 [2]. This multisystemic rheumatologic disease is characterized by necrotizing, chronic, and occlusive vasculitis, of unknown cause, which affects arteries and veins, with recurrent self-limited episodes [1-3]. Classically it presents with a triad of oral aphthous ulcers, genital ulcers, and uveitis. Nevertheless, it can also compromise other systems and organs less frequently, such as the central nervous system, cardiovascular, skin, gastrointestinal, renal, pulmonary, and musculoskeletal systems [1][2][3][4].