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20As the effects of anthropogenic climate change grow, mass coral bleaching events are expected to 21 increase in severity and extent. Much research has focused on the environmental stressors 22 themselves, symbiotic community compositions, and transcriptomics of the coral host. Globally, 23 fine-scale population structure of corals is understudied. This study reports patterns of population 24 structure and clonal prevalence found in Montipora capitata and Porites compressa in Kaneohe 25 Bay, Oahu. Generated using ddRAD methods, genetic data reveals different patterns in each taxa 26 despite them being exposed to the same environmental conditions. STRUCTURE and site-level 27 pairwise FST analyses suggest population structure in M. capitata resembling isolation by distance. 28 Mantel tests show strong, significant FST correlations in M. capitata in relation to geographic 29 distance, water residence time, and salinity and temperature variability (range) at different time 30 scales. STRUCTURE did not reveal strong population structure in P. compressa. FST correlation 31 was found in P. compressa in relation to yearly average sea surface height. We also report high 32 prevalence of clonal colonies in P. compressa in outer bay sites exposed to storms and high energy 33 swells. Amongst only outer bay sites, 7 out of 23 sequenced individuals were clones of other 34 colonies. Amongst all 47 sequenced P. compressa individuals, 8 were clones. Only one clone was 35 detected in M. capitata. Moving forward, it is crucial to consider these preexisting patterns relating 36 to genetic diversity when planning and executing conservation and restoration initiatives. 37Recognizing that there are differences in population structure and diversity between coral taxa, 38 even on such small-scales, is important as it suggests that small-scale reefs must be managed by 39 species rather than by geography. 40 41 adaptation 43 44 Rapid climate change due to anthropogenic carbon emissions is one of the greatest threats 45 to global marine biodiversity (Cheung et al. 2009). Within the past few decades, coral bleaching 46 events have increased in occurrence and severity to the point where they are becoming 47 commonplace (Hughes et al. 2003). Despite bleaching being a widely-known impact of climate 48 change, the pathways by which it occurs remain poorly understood. 49 A large proportion of research has focused on the role of zooxanthellae, dinoflagellate 50 algae of the genus Symbiodinium that form symbiotic relationships with coral, in mediating the 51 bleaching response. In a zooxanthellae driven response, thermal bleaching is caused by or begins 52 when photosystems within the symbiont cells become damaged by heat and sunlight and cells are 53 subsequently ejected by the coral host (Jones et al. 1998, Warner et al. 1999). In addition to 54 symbiont-related mechanisms of coral bleaching, bleaching can be a physiological response of the 55 coral, in which case genetic variation among coral could affect their response. Some evidence 56e...

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Nature provides numerous ecosystem services to people, yet the prioritization of these services often depends on the goals of various stakeholder groups. The eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) is an ecologically important species along the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of the United States, where it provides essential fish habitat and may mitigate against climatic variations in urban areas. The eastern oyster also supports a multimillion dollar aquaculture industry in coastal communities. Recent declines in eastern oyster populations, however, have spurred widespread restoration activities. Here, we look at three expert stakeholder groups (academics, nongovernmental organizations, and governmental agencies) in Rhode Island (United States) to understand how stakeholder perceptions of oyster ecosystem services differ. Stakeholders' mental models showed differences among the groups' topologies and components, although the terms "Water Quality" and "Habitat/Structural Complexity" were prioritized in all the groups. Our results suggest that there is substantial intergroup variation, but that there are common threads around which future oyster restoration and management programs can be designed. By making these mental models of ecosystem services explicit, we illuminate tacit assumptions held by different stakeholders of the oyster stakeholder community in Rhode Island. In doing so, we highlight opportunities for more efficient collaboration around commonly shared goals for sustainable social and ecological management.