Endovascular treatment using either covered stents or embolization techniques is an effective and safe emergency therapy for life-threatening postpancreatectomy hemorrhage with good clinical success rates and long-term results. Covered stent placement preserving vessel patency in the early postoperative phase should be preferred to embolization if it is technically feasible.

DWI shows promising results for determination of biological dignity in musculoskeletal tumors. Mean ADC ≤1.03×10(-3) mm(2)/s is a strong indicator of malignancy at the first diagnosis. The use of DWI for early diagnosis of tumor recurrence in comparison with standard MRI sequences should be evaluated in prospective studies.

As NK cell immunotherapy is still poorly successful, combinations with drugs enhancing NK cell activity are of major interest. NK large granular lymphocyte expansions associated with improved survival have been described under monotherapy with the Bcr-Abl/Src inhibitor dasatinib, which inhibits NK cell functions in vitro. As Src kinases play a major role in inhibitory and activating signaling pathways of NK cells, both outcomes appear plausible. To clarify these contradictory observations and potentially enable the use of dasatinib as adjuvant, we analyzed how clinically relevant doses promote NK cell effector functions. Polyclonal human NK cells were studied ex vivo. Functional outcomes assessed included conjugate formation, calcium flux, receptor regulation, cytokine production, degranulation, cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction and signal transduction. While dasatinib inhibits NK cell effector functions during functional assays, 24 hr pretreatment of NK cells followed by washout of dasatinib, led to dose-dependent enhancement of cytokine production, degranulation marker expression and cytotoxicity against selected lymphoma and leukemia cell lines. Mechanistically, this was neither due to an altered viability of NK cells nor increased NKG2D, LFA-1 or conjugate formation with target cells. Receptor proximal signaling events were inhibited. However, a slight time dependent enhancement of Vav phosphorylation was observed under certain circumstances. The shift in Vav phosphorylation level may be one major mechanism for NK cell activity enhancement induced by dasatinib. Our findings argue for a careful timing and dosing of dasatinib application during leukemia/lymphoma treatment to enhance NK cell immunotherapeutic efforts.Increasing evidence suggests that natural killer (NK) cell activity is essential for leukemia and lymphoma elimination. However, initial trials infusing autologous NK cells did not show significant clinical effects. Pharmacotherapeutical approaches to enhance NK cell activity in vivo might thus be the better option. This could potentially be achieved by fast and short-acting tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) such as the Bcr-Abl/Src inhibitor dasatinib (SprycelV R , Bristol-MyersSquibb). These drugs target specific molecular changes responsible for lymphoma and leukemia, but have also demonstrated modulatory effects on the immunological microenvironment, which is caused by the tyrosine kinase-dependent activation and inhibition of signal transduction pathways in different immune cell subsets. 1,2 Dasatinib has been shown to suppress NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro and in mouse models in vivo. [3][4][5] In contrast, about one third of dasatinib-treated patients with chronic myeloid leukemia or Philadelphia Chromosome positive acute lymphocytic leukemia display oligoclonal NK or CD8 þ T large granular lymphocyte (LGL) expansions of unknown origin which are associated with enhanced leukemic control and sustained therapeutic responses. 6-9 These contradictory findings may be due to the complicated balance...

We present first evidence that CAIPIRINHA greatly accelerates T1w imaging in paediatric MRE without trade-off in image quality or lesion conspicuity and is thus preferable to standard FLASH imaging.