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and three reviewers for their helpful suggestions on earlier drafts. This project was generously supported by a Wallace International Research Grant, an Associated Colleges of the Midwest grant for innovative faculty-student collaboration, and a Macalester Summer Faculty-Student Research grant. For the popular organization case studies, interviews (a total of 60) were conducted with the given group's president and most or all of the women members of the given group's executive council, as well as past and present local and executive leaders (men and women). Interviews were also conducted with Constitutional Assembly members, elected officials, NGO staff, and union leaders. Although the events described in the case study narratives were corroborated by multiple interviews, typically only the most important or representative interviews are cited. Translations from Spanish are the authors'.In the 2000s, Bolivia and Ecuador were marked by battles over natural resources in which mass mobilizations challenged the neoliberal privatization of resources such as water and natural gas. In El Alto and Quito, these mobilizations boosted the public standing of women whose frontline militancy helped confront privatization and build momentum for the election of women to top leadership. Although gender discrimination persisted, women's activism in these resource battles demonstrated to men their capacity to lead in arenas other than health, family, and education. In the wake of these conflicts, variations in women's voice-the power to speak, set agendas, and dictate discourse-on the executive councils of popular organizations prove to be determined by societal sexism, leadership and training opportunities for women, the presence of more women on the executive council, the status of the council seats won by women, and the particular organization's decision-making process.