Objective: A meta-analysis and systematic review was performed to compare outcomes of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF), hemiarthroplasty (HA), and reverse total shoulder arthroplasty (rTSA) for complex proximal humerus fractures. Data sources: MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases were screened. Search terms included reverse total shoulder arthroplasty, open reduction internal fixation, hemiarthroplasty, and proximal humerus fracture. Study Selection: English-language studies published within the past 15 years evaluating outcomes of ORIF, rTSA, or HA for complex proximal humerus fractures with minimum of 1-year follow-up were included, resulting in 51 studies with 3064 total patients. Review articles, basic science studies, biomechanical studies, and cadaveric studies were excluded. Data Extraction: The methodological quality of evidence was assessed using the Jadad scale and methodological index for nonrandomized studies. Data Synthesis: Demographic data were compared using the χ2 test. Mean data were weighted by study size and used to calculate composite mean values and confidence intervals. Continuous data were compared using the Metan module with fixed effects. Count data were compared using the Kruskal–Wallis test. Alpha was set at 0.05 for all tests. Conclusions: Patients undergoing rTSA had lower risks of complication (relative risk 0.41) and reoperation (relative risk 0.28) than HA patients. rTSA resulted in higher Constant scores (standard mean difference 0.63) and improved active forward flexion when compared with HA (standard mean difference 0.76). Pooled mean data demonstrated better outcome scores and active forward flexion of ORIF versus HA and rTSA, although the patients were younger and had more simple fracture patterns. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

» Stage-4 pressure ulcers are defined as ulcerations that violate the fascia and expose underlying bone, muscle, and tendon.» Exposed bone is always colonized by bacteria, but this does not necessarily lead to osteomyelitis.» The rates of osteomyelitis in exposed bone in stage-4 pressure ulcers range from 14% to 86%.» There has been no evidence that the presence of osteomyelitis leads to higher complication rates following flap coverage.» There has been no evidence that bone biopsy and preoperative treatment of osteomyelitis have any benefit before flap coverage.

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Lateral compression type 1 pelvic fractures comprise a spectrum of injuries of varying stability. The clinician should be cognizant of signs and symptoms of instability including complete sacral fractures, bilateral ramus fractures, displacement greater than 1 cm, high-energy mechanism, and inability to bear weight. Management of these injuries is controversial, but the clinician should consider examination under anesthesia and potentially surgical stabilization.