Women with negative cytologic results at the time of colposcopy have a low risk for high-grade disease and may avoid a loop electrosurgical excision procedure despite unsatisfactory colposcopy.

Objective To assess the observed pain behaviours of Aboriginal residents with cognitive impairment in aged care facilities and compare these results with a matched national sample of non‐Aboriginal residents. Methods Observed pain behaviours of Aboriginal residents (N = 87) with cognitive impairment in aged care facilities across the Northern Territory of Australia were assessed using PainChek® Adult and compared with data from a matched national sample of non‐Aboriginal residents (N = 420). Pain scores were derived from inbuilt automated facial recognition and analysis software plus a series of digital checklists requiring manual input by care staff. Results The median total pain score for the Aboriginal residents was 2 (IQR 1–4) and for the matched external residents was 3 (IQR 2–5). In a multivariable negative binomial regression model, this difference in total pain score was statistically significant (p < 0.001). The pain score derived from the automated facial recognition and analysis component of the PainChek® Adult app was not statistically different between the two groups when adjusted for multiple observations and context of observation (odds ratio = 1.06, 95% confidence interval 0.97–1.16, p = 0.169). Conclusions We found under‐reporting of observed pain signs and behaviours for Aboriginal aged care residents by assessors. Further training in the assessment of pain in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander aged care residents may be necessary and a continuing shift in clinical practice to using technology and point‐of‐care assessment.

We discuss methods that can improve response rates in large-scale cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Regardless of the specific study topic, sample member population, or method of contact, data collections should be designed with certain core principles in mind: legitimizing the study to prospective participants; presenting study information in various formats; and minimizing the effort required by respondents. We outline strategies for using specific contacting methods including mail, e-mail, text, and phone, as well as various tracing methods that can be used to effectively gather contacting information, which increases the chances of reaching sample members. We also discuss the use of monetary incentives to reduce nonresponse and bias. This discussion ultimately serves to give the researcher strategies and ideas regarding how best to craft contacting materials, utilize tracing resources, and design incentive offers to increase sample member participation.As institutional researchers well know, one challenge inherent in conducting a sample survey is low participation rates. Therefore, employing tested methods to improve response rates is essential. In this chapter, we discuss three categories of methods used to improve response rates: contacting; tracing and locating; and incentives. These methods allow researchers to more effectively locate and contact sample members and, further, encourage sample members to participate. Importantly, regardless of the specific study topic, sample member population, or method of contact, data collections should be designed with certain core principles in mind: legitimizing the study to prospective participants; presenting study information in various formats so sample members understand the need for and benefits of participation; and minimizing the effort required from respondents. Similarly, researchers should use the information obtained during a data collection NEW DIRECTIONS FOR INSTITUTIONAL RESEARCH, no. 181