Investigations were carried out to compare the effectiveness of compounds such as sodium nitrite, trisodium citrate (TSC) and TSC-zinc acetate to inhibit the corrosion of steel rebar in simulated concrete interstitial solution contaminated with chloride and to explain the mechanism of corrosion inhibition on reinforcing steel by these systems. Inhibition efficiency of these systems was studied by electrochemical techniques such as potentiodynamic polarization and half cell potential measurements. Electronic spectral studies of simulated pore solution and FT-IR spectral investigations of the film deposited on steel surface were carried out for understanding the mechanism of corrosion inhibition. Microscopic surface analysis was conducted to obtain the surface morphological behaviour of steel rebar. TSC alone was not exhibited good corrosion inhibition at very low and high concentrations according to electrochemical studies. However, in the presence of zinc acetate, corrosion protection efficiency of TSC increased appreciably. When comparing with sodium nitrite, TSC in the presence and absence of zinc acetate displayed good corrosion inhibition efficiency. Among a number of samples, TSC 100 ppm-zinc acetate 50 ppm combination showed maximum corrosion inhibition efficiency on steel rebar in simulated concrete interstitial solution.Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (https ://doi.org/10.1007/s4009 0-018-0142-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

In this study, we completed the whole genome sequence of a new tobamovirus isolated from tomato plants grown in greenhouses in Jordan during the spring of 2015. The 6393-nt single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) genome encodes four proteins, as do other tobamoviruses: two replication-related proteins of 126 kDa and 183 kDa, a 30-kDa movement protein (MP) and a 17.5-kDa coat protein (CP). Phylogenetic analysis showed that this virus does not group with either the tomato mosaic virus (ToMV) or the tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) clades. Instead, it stems from a branch leading to the TMV clade. Analysis of possible recombination events between this virus and representative isolates of closely related tomato-infecting tobamoviruses showed that at least one region originated by recombination. We provide evidence that we have identified a new tobamovirus, for which we propose the name "tomato brown rugose fruit virus".

Plant Dis. 98:694, 2014; published online as http:// dx.

This paper presents a facile, rapid and green method to prepare magnetite (Fe 3 O 4) nanoparticles in one step reaction. In this method, an aqueous solution of ferric chloride hexa hydrate, ferrous chloride tetra hydrate (2/1 molar ratio) was mixed with carob leaf extract and heated for 5 minutes at 80℃. The magnetite nanoparticles were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD analysis showed that the magnetite nanoparticles are well-monodisperse with 8 nm of average diameter. A possible synthesis mechanism of magnetite nanoparticles was presented at the same time.

Utilizing the reduced property of mulberry leaves extract and silver nit rate, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized at room temperature. Silver nanoparticles were characterized using UV-v isible absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM ) andX-ray diffract ion (XRD).Further, silver nanoparticles showed effective antibacterial activity toward StaphylococcusaureusandShigella sp.. Keywords SilverNanoparticles,Mulberry Leaves Ext ract, Characterizat ion, Antibacterial Activ ity 1.IntroductionThe growing need of environ mental friendly nanoparticles, researchers are using green methods for the synthesis of various metal nanoparticles. But nowadays, plant extract has been used as reducing and capping agent for the synthesis of nanoparticles which could be advantageous over photochemical reduction, heat evaporation, electrochemical reduction, and chemical reduction methods. Several biological systems including bacteria, fungi, and yeast have been used in synthesis of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles have attracted intensive research interest because of their important applicat ions as antimicrobial, catalytic, text ile fabrics and plastics to eliminate microorganisms. Because of such a wide range of applications, numerous methods concerning the fabrication of silver nanoparticles, as well as various silver-based compounds containing ionic silver (Ag+) or metallic silver (Ag0) have been developed. The synthetic methods used for the preparation of silver nanoparticles, some to xic chemical used as a reducing agent such as NaBH4, citrate, or ascorbate is most common ly used. In recent years, p lant-leaf ext racts synthesis of nanoparticles is gaining importance due to its simplicity and eco-friendliness. Although green synthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant leaves extract such as mangosteen [ This study was designed with a simp le, cost-effective and environmentally synthesis method of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) at amb ient conditions using mu lberry leavesextract as a reducing and stabilizing agent. The AgNPs synthesized in this method has the efficient antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria. ExperimentalSilver nit rate (AgNO 3 ) was obtained from A ldrich Chemicals. A ll glassware have been washed with sterile distilled water and dried in an oven before use. Preparati on Mul berry Le aves Extract