Water quality assessment in remote rural regions is regularly not taken on need as compared to metropolitan ones. On the other hand, domestic activities such as bathing, washing, and so on in close proximity to water sources might contaminate the water. Water quality must be assessed at periodic intervals in such circumstances in order to reduce the impact of water contamination. Samples of spring water were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, bicarbonate, sulfate, chloride, nitrate calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and total hardness. The outcomes were validated by comparing with WHO and BIS criteria for drinking water quality. Spatial mapping of the spring water quality parameters was generated by utilizing the Inverse Distance Weighting interpolation tool. The geochemical attributes of spring water have been performed. Schoeller and Stiff diagram showed that Mg 2+ and HCO 3 are predominant ions among cations and anions. The piper trilinear diagram implied that Ca (Mg) HCO 3 type, bicarbonate type, and magnesium type as dominant water. According to the findings of the Water Quality Index (WQI), 36% of samples fall into the excellent category, while 57% of the spring samples fall into the good category making them ideal for drinking. Irrigation indices have shown that groundwater is ideal for irrigation. This investigation revealed that spring water of the Takoli gad watershed is mineralized, chemically consumable, and appropriate for irrigation. This study illuminates the pristine state of the spring water quality in the rural regions and consequently is suitable for water quality assessment in various rural communities.

The present study emphasize on the adequacy and advantage of remote sensing and GIS-based techniques to identify and assess the resource potential zones in Takoli Gad Watershed, India. Different thematic maps like elevation map, drainage map, soil map, geology map, slope map, rainfall map and land use/land cover map have been prepared using ASTER DEM, LISS IV and SOI topographical maps and suitable secondary data. The present study aimed to investigate various morphological characteristics by measuring linear, areal and relief aspects. The morphometric characterization indicate dynamic role in distinguishing the topographical and hydrological behaviour of the watershed. A composite map of the Resource Potential Zones was developed by integrated different thematic maps and morphometric characterization data base. In this study, geographical information system (GIS), remote sensing, weighted overlay analysis and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) methods have been used for mapping of available natural resources in the Takoli Gad watershed. The overlaid based on analytical hierarchical process weightage prioritization at a constituency ratio of 0.095. The resource potential zones categorizes into the excellent (1.59 %), good (25.61%), moderate (45.21 %), poor (26.41 %), and very poor (1.18 %) zones. The present study helps in the sustainable management of water, agriculture, forest and other natural resources to meet the basic minimum needs of people, and improve their socio-economic conditions. Decision and policy makers can use the information gathered from such case study for long term development plan of watershed.

Herein, we report a micro-plasma assisted solvothermal synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanosheets (ZnO-NSs) and their application for the removal of Cr6+ ion from aqueous solution. The morphological investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) confirmed the high-density growth of nanosheets with the typical sizes in the range of 145.8–320.25 nm. The typical surface area of the synthesized ZnO-NSs, observed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), was found to be 948 m2/g. The synthesized ZnO-NSs were used as efficient absorbent for the removal of Cr6+ ion from aqueous solution. Various parameters such as pH, contact time, amount of adsorbate and adsorbent on the removal efficiency of Cr6+ ion was optimized and presented in this paper. At optimized conditions, the highest value for removal was 87.1% at pH = 2 while the calculated maximum adsorption capacity was ~87.37 mg/g. The adsorption isotherm data were found to be best fitted to Temkin adsorption isotherm and the adsorption process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. Furthermore, the toxicity of ZnO-NSs were also examined against fibroblast cells, which show favorable results and proved that it can be used for wastewater treatment.