Abstract Objective: To identify the vaccination status and risk factors for mortality in children admitted with complications of measles. Methods: The retrospective study was conducted at Children Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, and comprised data of children admitted with complications of measles between 2013 and 2017. Information on vaccination history, complications of measles, anthropometry, hospital stay and outcome within 15 days of admission was retrieved from hospital records. Data was analysed using Stata 14. Results: Of the 307 children admitted, 79(26%) were aged <9 months and were excluded. Of the remaining 228 subjects, 109(47.8) were unvaccinated. Risk factors significantly associated with mortality were an unvaccinated state of measles vaccine, being stunted, and encephalitis in comparison with pneumonia (p<0.05). A total of 39(17%) children died within 15 days of admission. Conclusion: Encephalitis, non-vaccination and under-nutrition were significantly associated with mortality in children with complications of measles. Key Words: Child, Measles, Risk factors, Mortality, Vaccination. Continuous...

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and serious COVID 19 manifestation characterized by generalized inflammatory response including inflammation of heart, blood vessels, lungs, kidneys, brain, skin, eyes and gastrointestinal system. Children usually present with fever lasting for 24 hours or more along with other symptoms like abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, skin rash, red eyes and swelling of the lips, tongue, hands and feet. The children with MIS-C usually have negative results for a current infection with the COVID-19 but positive antibody results indicating these children were infected with the COVID-19 virus in the past. We present 12 months old girl with multisystem inflammatory syndrome presenting as systemic onset juvenile idiopathic arthritis (SOJIA) and positive COVID-19 PCR, she was treated successfully with dexamethasone and naproxen. Continuous

Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are heterogeneous genetic conditions of the central nervous system (CNS). Primary phenotypes of NDDs include epilepsy, loss of developmental skills, abnormal movements, muscle weakness, ocular anomalies, hearing problems, and macro-or microcephaly. NDDs occur due to variants in genes encoding proteins involved in the structure and function of CNS, thus interrupting its normal physiological role. In the study presented here, four consanguineous families (A-D), with members showing neurodevelopmental symptoms, were recruited for clinical and genetic characterization of the phenotypes. Clinical examinations, including Seguin Form Board Test (SFBT), Vineland Social Maturity Scale (VSMS), brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Electroencephalogram (EEG), Electromyography (EMG), Nerve Conduction Velocity (NCV), and Magnetic Resonance Asmat Ullah and Abid Ali Shah contributed equally to the study.

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