Contaminated environments have a large number of bacteria which can accumulate PHA as their energy reserves. Out of 54 isolated bacterial strains from three groups of contaminated sites 48 were found PHA positive. The sites were grouped on the basis of the type of carbon sources i.e. sugars, fatty acids and much diverse type. Strains MFD5, MFD11, UML3, USL2, SEL2, SEL3, SEL10 and PFW1 produced 69.9 ± 0.29, 75.27 ± 0.45, 65.43 ± 0.1, 72.54 ± 0.27, 76.61 ± 0.28, 61.81 ± 0.05, 71.16 ± 0.09 and 74.92 ± 0.5 percent of PHA to their constant cell weight (CCW) respectively in PHA detection media supplemented with 2% glucose. Molasses, whey, crumbs hydrolysate and palm oil were checked as inexpensive carbon sources. Molasses alone could supply the required nutrients for growth and PHA production. Strain SEL2 produced 47.36 ± 0.45% PHA using 2% molasses at 37 °C and pH 7.0. Upon production optimization the best accumulation (80.95 ± 0.01%) was observed in PHA detection media with 0.2% nitrogen source, 3% molasses, pH 5.0 and 37 °C by the strain SEL2. The overall effect of the presence of increased molasses concentration in the media was positive it increased the accumulation period till 72 h. Enterobacter sp. SEL2 (JF901810) is first time being reported for PHA production.

Soy foods have high plant protein content and contain polyphenol components, such as isoflavones. Different varieties of soya bean (Rawal 1, NARC 2, Ajmeri. William 82. Line 1 (SA-7260) and Line 2 (PSC-60) were compared and analyzed their nutritional and sensory characteristics. The better selected (William 82) variety of soya beans is compared with the buffalo milk, its nutritional values, taste and other parameters. This study examined the result of storage temperature on the shell-life of soya milk keep at 4 º C. The use of soybean for the assembly of soy milk was studied. Soy milk was extracted from whole and dehulled seeds. All soy milk samples were analyzed for proximate composition (moisture%, ash%, total solids, fat) and therefore the organoleptic tests (color, appearance, texture, taste, flavor and overall acceptability) of the soy milk samples were evaluated to work out the shelf-stability of the merchandise throughout refrigeration and temperature storage. Proximate analysis of soymilk and buffalo milk showed that there was little difference between soymilk and buffalo milk as showed in tables maximum nutritional values as protein, fat, milk yield and carbohydrates 4.81, 2.09, 93 and 6.28% respectively for soymilk and for buffalo milk maximum nutritional values as protein, fat, milk yield and carbohydrates 4.36-4.78, 6.4, 94 and 5.26% respectively. The study was designed to examine the effect of temperature on the shell-life of soymilk stored at 4 º C. It also aimed at developing shelf stable soya milk.

The preparation of hydrocolloids and antioxidants was employed to the carrot juice, the effect of Hydrocolloids and antioxidants including guar-gum, maltodextrin and flaxseed-gum was study and assessed for their ability to stabilize the colour and cloudiness of carrot juice. Such parameters pH, Total Soluble Solids (TSS), titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, sugars (non-reducing, reducing sugar, sugar sugar/acid ratio, total sugars, and Total Phenolic Content (TPC) was analyzed during study. All parameters were slightly decreased with the passage of time except acidity which is increased, during storage with respect to control treatment. pH, TSS, ascorbic acid, non-reducing sugar reducing sugar, total sugar, sugar/acid ratio, and TPC decreased from 4.18 to 4.15, 20.98 to 15.16 o Brix, 0.62 to 0.50mg/100ml, 7.04 to 6.98 %, 14 to 13.46 %, 21.04 to 20.44 %, 86.67 to 60.67and 0.13 to 0.11 mg/100ml respectively, whereas the titratable acidity increased from 0.25 to 0.26 %. Colour and cloudiness improved or stabilized by hydrocolloids (guar-gum, maltodextrin and flaxseed-gum) and antioxidant (ascorbic acid).

The present research was conducted to check the cane molasses as a media for the production of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Different dilutions of cane molasses were used in combination with water and mineral medium and in different ratios of carbon and nitrogen sources. Out of the 54 bacteria isolated from three types of organic waste contaminated environments, two were selected for their highest intensity of fluorescence under UV by Nile blue A viable colony staining method and they produced maximum amount of PHB from glucose (66.61±0.05% and 76.92±0.04%) in a shake flask culture at pH 7.0, 37°C and 150 rpm. The bacterial strains were identified as Gram negative rods and the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequence similarity search showed 99 and 98% homology to Enterobacter sp. and Enterobacteriaceae bacterium respectively. In bacterial strains Enterobacter sp. SEL2 (JF901810) and Enterobacteriaceae bacterium PFW1 (JF901811), the polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) biosynthesis from molasses was observed as 57.61±0.57% and 58.07±0.25% respectively at pH 7.0, 37°C and 150 rpm. The optimal time was 24 to 48 h for strain SEL2 and 48 to 72 h for strain PFW1. The best growth and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production was observed in media with 2% molasses and 0.2% ammonium sulphate in mineral medium (Media 11). The functional groups of the extracted PHA granules were identified as C=O group by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis confirmed it as a homopolymer of hydroxybutyrate.

Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) production and extraction of different bacterial strains isolated from contaminated urban and hilly areas was conducted. The 30 bacterial isolates were Gram negative and belonged to Pseudomonas, Citrobacter, Klebsiella, Escherichia and Enterobacter genera. Bacterial level of resistance against antibiotics (Penicillin) and heavy metals (zinc, cadmium and copper) was determined. Bacterial isolates from contaminated urban areas were found to be more resistant. The screening for PHA production was done by the Sudan black staining. Among the urban area isolates, U17, U8 and U9 produced highest concentration of PHA (50.4, 40.6 and 37.9%) while in hilly area isolates H8, H6 and H9 showed highest production (45.8, 42.4 and 37.6%) by SDS digestion method. The percentage production was lowered when the extraction was done by sodium hypochlorite digestion method. Selected bacterial strains were optimized for PHA production at different growth conditions that is, pH, temperature and carbon sources. Bacterial isolates U8, U17 and H8 produced maximum amount of PHA 74, 69 and 59%, respectively, at pH 7, 37°C and using cooking oil as carbon source after 72 h. PHA polymerase phaC1/C2 genes were successfully amplified from genomic DNA of three bacterial isolates showing 540 bp DNA fragment which confirmed the presence of phaC1/C2 gene presence. It showed that the corresponding bacterial isolates would have been able to synthesize medium chain length PHA.