In this study, we investigate whether cognitive dissonance and compliance with collective rationality affect hotel CEO management activities. The study surveyed a wide range of hotel employees, from new recruits to CEOs, within 5-star hotels in Seoul to analyze perceptions of organizational members. A canonical correlation analysis was used to empirically investigate the correlations and differences among constitutional concepts. The study also used regression analysis to analyze the influential relationship between variables. The study found that despite the differences in individual beliefs, compliance to collective beliefs increased when individuals complied and received compensation despite their individual differences. The performance perceptions of financial and non-financial management improved at that time. Some research conducted on the Cognitive Dissonance also demonstrates that individuals with cognitive dissonance modify their behavior and cognition to reduce dissonance. It is true that an individual’s opinion differs from that of the group, but adding a cognitive factor that an individual is compensated by participating in and respecting the group’s beliefs leads to public compliance with those beliefs. Due to the strong public cognition and beliefs within the organization, the individual attempts to keep his or her cognitive and belief systems consistent, but complies with them regardless of his or her cognitive and belief systems. Furthermore, it suggests that managers can improve their performance by compensating people for conforming to group rules, since management performance is the end goal of management, and public compliance affects it significantly.

The objective of this study is to estimate the use-value of Ichan Kala, a historical city located in Khiva, Uzbekistan, that is listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. It also investigates the visitors’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for the economic value of Ichan Kala. The survey was collected from 391 samples, and the factor analysis was done based on the results. After extracting two factors from 11 questions (variables), those factors were used as independent variables to check their impact on WTP. This study involved the contingent valuation method (CVM) to evaluate travelers’ WTP for using Ichan Kala. The outcomes of this research are in line with economic theory, which remarks that visitors’ willingness-to-pay declines as the suggested bid amount increases. In addition, the identity of cultural worldview (ICW) and tangibility of cultural worldview (TCW) showed a positive and significant effect on the WTP, while travel expenses did not remarkably affect the WTP. The results of this study provide practical implications for the government of the city or region when deciding on the entrance fee for using Ichan Kala. Moreover, this study makes an important contribution to the existent study since it is one of the few endeavors to estimate the WTP of the Central Asian inhabitants regarding the travel destination. Previous studies have estimated the use-value of destinations from Europe, the USA, and East Asia, but those studies mostly observed travelers from parallel countries. This research is therefore distinctive because both the travel site and survey sample was taken from Central Asia, specifically from Uzbekistan. This study reports the mindsets of Central Asian people towards paying the charge of using a travel destination; it may thereby function as a baseline study from which forthcoming studies may compare the behaviors of people living in this region with people living in other regions in terms of the estimation of non-market assets.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to conduct a thorough review of the results, contributions, and limitations of forecasting studies in the hotel industry to uncover how those studies contribute to the body of knowledge and what limitations of those studies should be filled by future studies. Design/methodology/approach: To uncover the overall trends and evolution of hotel forecasting findings, this study used a systematic literature review approach to ensure the strictness and transparency of the review process. To select a paper to be reviewed, two main review processes including keyword searching and citation counts of each paper were conducted. To assure the rigor of our first two procedures, this study took further steps including cross-checking the results of those studies and calculating the average citation per year of the selected studies. The selected papers were analyzed based upon their forecasting areas, the contribution of each paper by using citation score, frequency of using methodology or techniques, demographic characteristics of authors, and major trends of the forecasting studies. Findings: This research has compiled a list of the most cited papers, as well as the average number of citations per year, the top list of the most used nations and subject areas which manifested the contribution to the body of literature in this study. Research limitations/implications: Future research should consider using other platforms such as Web of Science (WoS) or Scopus to emphasize more the impact and value of the literature study. The outcome of this study will help other researchers to have a better understanding of the used models in forecasting the industry as well as to decipher the most and the least studied research areas in the forecasting hotel industry. Originality/value: This study explored the overall development, contributions, and limitations of forecasting studies in the hospitality industry in an updated, thorough literature analysis. The themes and types of research that have already been studied can be seen by the researchers, as well as those that have not yet been explored.