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In this paper, a two-stage ultra-low-power operational amplifier is designed, and a comparative analysis of the proposed subthreshold complementary amplifier is presented between 180nm, 90nm, and 45nm CMOS technology. The proposed operational amplifier is compared across several different parameters to determine the optimal design. It achieves a maximum gain of around 75 dB and a phase margin of 76°, dissipating just 140nW with a supply voltage of 0.5 V which is well suited for biomedical applications that require low power and high gain. The proposed operational amplifier has been designed using a SPICE-based circuit simulator.

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Hyperloop is a high-speed ground-based transportation system utilizing sealed tubes, with the aim of ultimately transporting passengers between metropolitan cities in efficiently designed autonomous capsules. In recent years, the design and development of sub-scale prototypes for these Hyperloop pods has set the foundation for realizing more practical and scalable pod architectures. This paper proposes a practical, power and space optimized on-board electronics architecture, coupled with an end-to-end computationally efficient pose estimation algorithm. Considering the high energy density and discharge rate of onboard batteries, this work additionally presents a robust system for fault detection, protection and management of batteries, along with the design of the surrounding electrical system. Performance evaluation and verification of proposed algorithms and circuits has been carried out by software simulations using both Python and Simulink.