The extensive use of herbicidal products in agriculture and forestry has raised concerns over potential adverse effects on human health and the environment. Chloroacetanilide herbicides are a group of synthetic chemicals used to control weeds in agriculture and forestry. However, so[me of their members have been characterized as possible carcinogens. The genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of two chloroacetanilide herbicides, delachlor and xylachlor, are discussed. This article proposes to use tools to predict their potential toxicities based on their chemical structure. Four software tools, Vega Hub, Toxtree, Lazar, and TEST, are used to predict the potential genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the herbicides. Vega Hub uses QSAR models, Toxtree uses a decision tree approach, Lazar uses data mining algorithms, and TEST uses QSAR methods to estimate toxicity. The canonical Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry Specification (SMILES) systems of delachlor and xylachlor are entered into each software tool to create a prediction. The study found that delachlor and xylachlor is a class 3 highly toxic compounds with potential mutagenic and carcinogenic effects based on Toxtree and Vega Hub. Meanwhile, Lazar and TEST predicted that delachlor and xylachlor are unlikely to be mutagenic. This study to determine the toxicity of the herbicides delachlor and xylachlor has shown that the possible effects of these herbicides on health and the environment need to be further investigated. The results provide valuable insights into chloroacetanilide herbicide toxicity and help develop safer, more environmentally friendly alternatives.

Saxagliptin (SAX) is an oral drug that is a hypoglycemic (between an anti-diabetic agent) dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor. In this study, cytotoxic, genotoxic effects and DNA damage of SAX on human lymphocytes were investigated. For this purpose, Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE), Micronucleus (MN) and Mitotic Index (MI) tests were used. Based on the daily doses of SAX, 0.017, 0.035, 0.07, 0.14 µg/mL concentrations used for the study. SAX significantly reduced the MI only at the highest concentration (0.14 µg/mL) for 24 hours, and 0.07- and 0.14-µg/mL concentrations for 48 hours. SAX did not cause a statistically significant change in MN frequency (except for concentration 0.14 µg/mL). In the SCGE test, a statistically significant increase of comet tail length was observed at 0.07- and 0.14-µg/mL concentrations. SAX did not cause a statistically significant change in comet tail moment and tail intensity (except for concentration 0.14 µg/mL). As a result, SAX caused statistically differences in the SCGE, MI and MN tests only at the highest concentrations that are not recommended commercial use (except for tail length, 0.035 µg/mL). When the results of all these studies are evaluated together, it can be said that SAX has no aneugenic, mutagenic and clastogenic effects at daily doses in in vitro studies on human lymphocytes.

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