Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the periodontal tissue that is characterized by alveolar bone resorption. This occurs due to an imbalance of osteoblast and osteoclast during the bone formation and resorption processes. In order to obtain complete regeneration of periodontal tissue, bone grafting is frequently used in periodontal surgical therapy. Although each material has disadvantages, safe graft materials derived from animal sources can be employed as an alternative to bone graft materials. Osteoblast, osteoclast, calcified bone matrix, type I collagen, osteonectin, and hydroxyapatite can all be found in gourami scales, a form of food waste. BMP4 has osteoinduction functions, which are important in bone metabolism. Through angiogenic activity, FGF2 also contributes to periodontal regeneration. Purpose: The aim of the study was to assess the expression of BMP4 and FGF2 after the treatment group had been given gourami fish scale extract. Methods: Thirty-two experimental three-month-old male Wistar rats (150-200g) were randomly divided into four groups: a seven-day control group, a seven-day treatment group, a 14-day control group, and a 14-day treatment group. One mandibular incisor was extracted from each Wistar rat. The post-extraction socket was filled with blood for the control group and collagen extract for the treatment. Results: The one-way ANOVA test showed a significance level of 0.000 (p = <0.05). Conclusion: The expression of BMP4 and FGF2 increased after the application of collagen extract from gourami scales.

Periodontitis is a destructive inflammatory disease caused by a specific microorganism causing progressive damage to areas, especially the alveolar bone and periodontal ligament. Clinical manifestations of periodontitis are tooth mobility, pocket formation, and loss of attachment. Periodontitis is divided into two groups, namely aggressive and chronic periodontitis. The prevalence of chronic periodontitis in the world is around 50%. Meanwhile, the prevalence of chronic periodontitis in Indonesia, according to Riskesdas 2018 is 67.8%. Porphyromonas gingivalis is a bacterium that causes chronic periodontitis, which can form biofilm plaque and cause damage to periodontal tissue resulting in tooth loss. The formation of biofilm plaques due to accumulation of opportunistic bacterial species accompanied by increased gram-negative bacterial. These changes in composition affect the host's immune response so that periodontitis develops into a chronic inflammatory condition. Therefore, we conducted a literature search to analyze the effect of oral biofilms on chronic periodontitis.