Extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBLs), produced by Gram negative organisms, are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing extended spectrum cephalosporins, penicillins and monobactam but inactive against cephamycin and imipenem. Detection of some ESBL strains are missed by Double disc synergy test but detected by three dimensional test. So this study was carried out to see the rate of ESBL producer by three dimensional test and double disc synergy test among Gram negative bacteria. Total 110 Gram negative isolates were studied, among them 30 were wound swab isolates and 80 were laboratory isolates, of which 88(80%) were ESBL producer. Three dimensional tests detected ESBL in 88 (80%) strain whereas 66.36% strains detected by double disc synergy test, so 15 (13.63%) isolates were missed by Double disc synergy test. In this study among the 30 wound swab isolates Three dimensional test detected 26 (86.67%) whereas 14 (46.67) were detected by double disc synergy test and similarly among the 80 laboratory isolates, three dimensional test detected 62 (77.5%) and double disc synergy test detected 59 (73.75%). So, the three dimensional test has been found to be better than Double disc synergy test in the detection of ESBLs. ESBL producing organisms are resistance to most of the antibiotics but 100% sensitive to Imipenem.

Dengue virus (DENV) infections have unpredictable clinical outcomes, ranging from asymptomatic or minor febrile illness to severe and fatal disease. The severity of dengue infection is at least partly related to the replacement of circulating DENV serotypes and/or genotypes. To describe clinical profiles of patients and the viral sequence diversity corresponding to non-severe and severe cases, we collected patient samples from 2018 to 2022 at Evercare Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh. Serotyping of 495 cases and sequencing of 179 cases showed that the dominant serotype of DENV shifted from DENV2 in 2017 and 2018 to DENV3 in 2019. DENV3 persisted as the only representative serotype until 2022. Co-circulation of clades B and C of the DENV2 cosmopolitan genotype in 2017 was replaced by circulation of clade C alone in 2018 with all clones disappearing thereafter. DENV3 genotype I was first detected in 2017 and was the only genotype in circulation until 2022. We observed a high incidence of severe cases in 2019 when the DENV3 genotype I became the only virus in circulation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed clusters of severe cases in several different subclades of DENV3 genotype I. Thus, these serotype and genotype changes in DENV may explain the large dengue outbreaks and increased severity of the disease in 2019.

Introduction: Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes that mediate resistance to extended-spectrum (third generation) cephalosporins (e.g., ceftazidime, cefotaxime, and ceftriaxone) and monobactams (e.g., aztreonam) but do not affect cephamycins (e.g., cefoxitin and cefotetan) or carbapenems (e.g., meropenem or imipenem). Though the no. of ESBLs producing organism has been increasing day by day, the detection methods and treatment option for them are extremely limited. Aims & Objective: The present study was undertaken to investigate the rate of ESBLs production and their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Materials & Method: A total 110 Gram negative isolates from various clinical samples from a tertiary care hospital were studied and ESBLs production was detected by double disc synergy test. Antibiotic susceptibility test was done for commonly used antibiotics. Results: Among the total isolates 66.36% (73) were ESBLs producer, and the rate of ESBLs positivity was 80.32% for E.coli (49 out of 61), 25% for Pseudomonas spp (6 out of 24), 71.42% for Klebsiella spp (10 out of 14), 80% for Enterobacter spp (4 out of 5), 100% for Acinetobacter spp (4 out of 4) and 0% for Proteus spp (0 out of 2). ESBLs producing organisms were resistant to most of the antibiotics but 100% were sensitive to imepenem. Conclusion: Screening for ESBLs production needs to be carried out routinely in every clinical diagnostic laboratory to guide clinicians in proper selection of antibiotics.

Introduction:Influenza is a worldwide respiratory infectious disease which affect all age groups and associated with significant number of morbidity and mortality each year. The circulating subtypes varies countrywide yearly, and it helps policy maker to get preparedness for early effective management of influenza epidemics. Materials and methods Nasal swabs were collected from 463 patients in January and February 2020 presenting flu-like symptoms and Rapid Influenza Diagnostics Tests (RIDTs) were performed for influenza A & B screening as a routine test. Then influenza A subtyping was done by RT-PCR followed by gel electrophoresis of 27 influenza positive samples. Result Among 463 cases, 106 (22.9%) were Influenza positive with huge (99.06%) dominance of Influenza A. Subtyping of randomly selected outpatient derived 27 Influenza A positive cases showed flourishing presence of seasonal Influenza A/H1N1pdm09 (21; 77.8%). Conclusion This small study warrants further elaborate investigation to know circulating influenza A subtyping in the country which may assist health care providers in making treatment decisions and hence, appropriate patient management. Pulse Volume 12-14 2020-2022 p.4-9

Influenza is one of the most common respiratory virus infections. We analyzed hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) gene segments of viruses isolated from influenza patients who visited Evercare Hospital Dhaka, Bangladesh, in early 2020 immediately before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. All of them were influenza virus type A (IAV) H1N1pdm. Sequence analysis of the HA segments of the virus strains isolated from the clinical specimens and the subsequent phylogenic analyses of the obtained sequences revealed that all of the H1N1pdm recent subclades 6B.1A5A+187V/A, 6B.1A5A+156K, and 6B.1A5A+156K with K209M were already present in Bangladesh in January 2020. Molecular clock analysis results suggested that the subclade 6B.1A5A+156K emerged in Denmark, Australia, or the United States in July 2019, while subclades 6B.1A5A+187V/A and 6B.1A5A+156K with K209M emerged in East Asia in April and September 2019, respectively. On the other hand, sequence analysis of NA segments showed that the viruses lacked the H275Y mutation that confers oseltamivir resistance. Since the number of influenza cases in Bangladesh is usually small between November and January, these results indicated that the IAV H1N1pdm had spread extremely rapidly without acquiring oseltamivir resistance during a time of active international flow of people before the COVID-19 pandemic.