The role of cyanobacterial communities in the formation of carbonate sediments (ancient and modern) is not completely clear. We studied the cyanobacterial communities connected with carbonate sediments of the freshwater bodies feeding the historical Peterhof fountains (Saint-Petersburg, Russia). Cyanobacterial communities were studied by metagenome analysis and optical microscopy. Carbonates associated with cyanobacterial communities (both in situ and in vitro) were studied by powder X-ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The interconnection between the mineral composition of carbonate sediments and inhabiting microorganism species was established. The leading role of cyanobacteria in carbonate biomineralization in fresh water of Peterhof fountains water supply system was shown. Cyanobacteria of 24 genera were revealed in sediments composed of calcite and aragonite. The crystallization of carbonates on the surface of 13 species of cyanobacteria was found. Using model experiments, a significant contribution of cyanobacterial species of the Oscillatoriaceae family (Phormidium spp., Lyngbya sp., Oscillatoria formosa) to carbonate biomineralization is demonstrated.

The purpose of the study is to consider the features of litigation affecting the division of jointly acquired property. Research objectives: to study the development of the institution of property rights of spouses, to con-sider the types of legal regimes of property of spouses, to identify the main features when considering family disputes over the division of jointly acquired property. I used general scientific methods (dialectical, logical, sys-tematic), private scientific methods (historical, statistical, sociological), as well as special legal (comparative le-gal, formal legal). The problems of the emergence and consolidation of the institution of the legal regime of property relations of spouses in family law are considered. It is concluded that in Russia the legal regime of the legal property of spouses is mainly applied. This is due to historical continuity and the recent emergence of a market economy. Legal mechanisms for protecting spouses (former spouses) in the framework of disputes with creditors of the debtor spouse are noted. The main problematic points related to the determination of the composition of jointly acquired property have been studied. Attention is drawn to the fact that a spouse (ex-spouse) can apply to the court with a request to invalidate a transaction for the sale of jointly acquired property without his consent. The main evidence on disputes related to the division of property is indicated, with the determination of the particular importance of forensic examination. The question of alternative ways of resolving the conflict is touched upon. A method is proposed to reduce the risks of the parties when concluding a settlement agreement on the division of jointly acquired property.

The purpose of this study is to identify positive and negative digital changes that have affected the activities of judges and other persons involved in the case, within the framework of the trial. Research objectives: to study the prerequisites for the emergence of web conferences as a form of litigation; consideration of the main problems that arise in practice in the framework of electronic record keeping and legal proceedings; analysis of positive legislative innovations in the field of digitalization. We use general scientific methods (dialectical, logical, systemic), private scientific methods (historical, statistical, sociological), as well as special legal methods (comparative legal, formal legal). We review the main changes that have appeared in the procedural codes since January 1, 2022. We draw attention to the absence of legislative deadlines for filing a petition to participate in a court session through the use of the web conference system. We make a distinction between web conferencing and video conferencing. We conclude that it is impossible to fully comply with the procedural form within the framework of an online meeting. This is due to the requirements for the procedure for conducting a trial, including in terms of giving evidence and explanations. We note that there is a failure to comply with certain procedural principles in the application of the system of online meetings, namely the principle of publicity, competitiveness and equality of the parties. We indicate the main advantages of digitalization, which include: the emergence of a new way to submit documents through the use of the public services portal, similar opportunities for obtaining final court decisions, as well as electronic notification of the court session date.

The purpose of the study is to consider controversial positions existing in the law enforcement practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation and related to registration actions for the transfer of ownership of vend in the Federal Service of State Registration, Cadastre and Cartography. Research objectives: to determine the necessity of state registration of the transfer of ownership, to identify the main ways to protect the rights of a bona fide acquirer of vend, to study the features of the division of real estate of spouses. General scientific methods (dialectical, logical, systematic), private scientific methods (historical, statistical, sociological), as well as special legal (comparative legal, formal legal) were used. The actual circumstances taken into account by the courts in disputes over the rights to real estate are indicated. It is noted that in the current legislation there are no clear criteria for classifying property vend. The ways of protecting the right of a bona fide buyer are considered, including confirmation of the actual transfer of the apartment under the contract of sale and obtaining the consent of the second spouse when concluding a preliminary contract of sale on the seller’s side. Such subjects of legal relations as spouses have been studied, since when dividing the joint acquired property, the question of determining the share in the ownership of vend is most acute. It is noted that the fact of registration is not always an unconditional basis for the emergence of ownership of vend.