A vibronic exciton model is applied to explain the long-lived oscillatory features in the two-dimensional (2D) electronic spectra of the Fenna–Matthews–Olson (FMO) complex. Using experimentally determined parameters and uncorrelated site energy fluctuations, the model predicts oscillations with dephasing times of 1.3 ps at 77 K, which is in a good agreement with the experimental results. These long-lived oscillations originate from the coherent superposition of vibronic exciton states with dominant contributions from vibrational excitations on the same pigment. The oscillations obtain a large amplitude due to excitonic intensity borrowing, which gives transitions with strong vibronic character a significant intensity despite the small Huang–Rhys factor. Purely electronic coherences are found to decay on a 200 fs time scale.

A vibronic-exciton model is applied to investigate the recently proposed mechanism of enhancement of coherent oscillations due to mixing of electronic and nuclear degrees of freedom. We study a dimer system to elucidate the role of resonance coupling, site energies, vibrational frequency and energy disorder in the enhancement of vibronic-exciton and ground-state vibrational coherences, and to identify regimes where this enhancement is significant. For a heterodimer representing two coupled bachteriochloropylls of the FMO complex, long-lived vibronic coherences are found to be generated only when the frequency of the mode is in the vicinity of the electronic energy difference. Although the vibronic-exciton coherences exhibit a larger initial amplitude compared to the ground-state vibrational coherences, we conclude that, due to the dephasing of the former, both type of coherences have a similar magnitude at longer population time.

In this work we analyze how nuclear coherences modulate diagonal and off-diagonal peaks in two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy. 2D electronic spectra of pinacyanol chloride are measured with 8 fs pulses, which allows coherent excitation of the 1300 cm(-1) vibrational mode. The 2D spectrum reveals both diagonal and off-diagonal peaks related to the vibrational mode. On early time scales, up to 30 fs, coherent dynamics give rise to oscillations in the amplitudes, positions, and shapes of the peaks in the 2D spectrum. We find an anticorrelation between the amplitude and the diagonal width of the two diagonal peaks. The measured data are reproduced with a model incorporating a high frequency mode coupled to an electronic two-level-system. Our results show that these anticorrelated oscillations occur for vibrational wavepackets and not exclusively for electronic coherences as has been assumed previously.

Two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy (2D) has been applied to beta-carotene in solution to shine new light on the ultrafast energy dissipation network in carotenoids. The ability of 2D to relieve spectral congestion provides new experimental grounds for resolving the rise of the excited state absorption signal between 18,000 and 19,000 cm(-1). In this spectral region, the pump-probe signals from ground state bleach and stimulated emission overlap strongly. Combined modeling of the time-evolution of 2D spectra as well as comparison to published pump-probe data allow us to draw conclusions on both the electronic structure of beta-carotene as well as the spectral densities giving rise to the observed optical lineshapes. To account for the experimental observations on all time scales, we need to include a transition in the visible spectral range from the first optically allowed excited state (S(2)-->S(n2)). We present data from frequency resolved transient grating and pump-probe experiments confirming the importance of this transition. Furthermore, we investigate the role and nature of the S* state, controversially debated in numerous previous studies. On the basis of the analysis of Feynman diagrams, we show that the properties of S*-related signals in chi(3) techniques like pump-probe and 2D can only be accounted for if S* is an excited electronic state. Against this background, we discuss a new interpretation of pump-deplete-probe and intensity-dependent pump-probe experiments.