Franz Liszt's cosmopolitan spirit, extroverted character and philosophical approach to creation are fully evident in his compositions. In contrast, the opus of his close friend Charles-Valentin Alkan, the relatively neglected "Berlioz of the Piano", shows the traces of his introverted and seemingly misanthropic temperament. In the 19 th century, the solo concerto acquired new characteristics, reflected both in the performer's technique and in the general creative approach. It is generally known that Liszt's Piano Concerto No. 1 in E-Flat Major is an important evolutionary step forward in this genre, while Alkan's Concerto for Solo Piano represents a cross-genre hybrid of a kind. In this paper we will attempt to answer the question whether it is possible to find common ground between these two extraordinary composers, and if so, determine what it is. In addition, we will try to identify the reciprocal influences between them, the existence of which might be inferred from the historical and biographical data.
The interwar period brought about a number of modernist tendencies in the heterogeneous cultural context of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, which is particularly salient in the works of the young composers belonging to the so-called "Prague group." Having completed their studies, dozens of composers and conductors, including Ljubica Marić (1909-2003), Stanojlo Rajičić (1910-2000) and Milan Ristić (1908-1982) contributed to the establishment of the new movement in the conservative milieu of interwar Belgrade. After World War II, socialist realism became, in effect, the only approved style for the artists of the period. However, only a decade after the Tito-Stalin split, modernist tendencies reappeared fullblown in the output of Yugoslav composers. It is therefore of the greatest interest to analyse and present the way in which modernist music managed to find its way back to Yugoslav composers, performers and audiences in such a short period of time (the 1950s). To do so, we have chosen three piano concertos, written at the very beginning, in the middle, and at the very end of this period. This overview
U povijesnim izvorima postoji anegdota o satu orguljaške improvizacije koji je 1880- tih godina mladi Claude Debussy (1862. – 1918.) pohađao kod tada već renomiranoga skladatelja i orguljaša Césara Francka (1822. – 1890.). Prema svjedočenjima, Franck je mladomu i samouvjerenomu studentu uporno ponavljao (cit.): „Moduliraj! Moduliraj! Moduliraj!ˮ, što je Debussy uporno odbijao jer se (parafr.) „osjećao najbolje upravo u polaznome tonalitetuˮ. Naravno, među pripadnicima dviju različitih generacija došlo je do izvjesnoga nesporazuma, no postavlja se pitanje je li on bio stilsko-estetske ili samo terminološke prirode? 526 Rasprave 44/2 (2018.) str. 517–526 U današnje vrijeme pojam modulacija nedvosmisleno se izjednačava s promjenom tonaliteta. Međutim, u francuskoj teorijskoj literaturi 19. stoljeća (kao i u tadašnjoj europskoj literaturi općenito) taj je termin prošao značajan razvojni put, pri čemu se (u skladu s ranijim diskusijama iz vremena prosvjetiteljstva) najprije najčešće sagledavao znatno šire, kao način tonalnoga ostvarivanja (npr. u knjigama Fétisa i de Momignyja ), prije nego što je počeo dobivati suvremene paradigmatske pretpostavke (npr. u „Udžbeniku kompozicijeˮ Antona Reicha). Međutim, čak i kad je modulacija postala sinonim za promjenu tonalnoga centra, pojedini teoretičari mlađe generacije nastavili su insistirati na tome da ona može imati i šire značenje („Traktat o harmonijiˮ Napoleona Henrija Rebera). U ovom je radu predočeno na koji se način odvijao paradigmatski razvoj pojma modulacija te kako različite suvremene kategorizacije promjene tonaliteta zapravo vuku korijene iz ranijih značenja toga pojma. Stoga se, između ostaloga, pokušalo zaključiti i je li nesporazum s početka teksta odražavao estetski ili puki teorijsko-terminološki procijep u razumijevanju između kompozitora školovanoga u prvoj polovici 19. stoljeća nasuprot njegovu kolegi nekoliko stoljeća poslije.
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