The aim of this review research was to determine the effects of the physical activity (PA) on obesity among the elderly. To compile existing studies on the effects of PA on obese elderly individuals, PubMed, SCIndeks, PEDro, J-GATE, DOAJ and Google Scholar electronic databases were searched. By analyzing and applying the set criteria, the final analysis included 20 studies, and the positive influence of the PA on the obesity of the elderly was confirmed. The greatest effect on the decrease in body mass was achieved by the simultaneous application of a combination of exercise programs and dietary regimen for a period of 6 months. It was concluded that combined programs of aerobics, weight training, flexibility and balance exercises for a period of at least 12 weeks lead to a mild decrease in body mass and the amount of fat mass, while maintaining and increasing lean body mass mostly in the form of muscle tissue. PA is an effective mean in reducing obesity, and thus its use among the elderly is recommended.

The aim of this pilot study is to determine the kinematic elements of the free throw shooting technique among wheelchair basketball players from various classes. Three wheelchair basketball players from the wheelchair basketball club “Nais” took part in the study. The players were classified from IWBF classification 1, 3 and 4.5. All of the participants were right-handed. Free throw shooting recording were made with a fixed camera with a 1920 x 1080р resolution, 30 frames per s, positioned at a height of 1.20 m on the right side of the players facing the basket, at a distance of 7.5 m and 25 cm behind the free throw line. The “Kinovea” video program was used to process the results and the kinematic data for the free throw shooting technique of wheelchair basketball players. The kinematic parameters indicate differences in the performance of the free throw shooting technique among wheelchair basketball players from class 1, 3 and 4.5. A difference in successful throws between the participants from class 1, 3 and 4.5: the angle of ball release 50°, 52° and 47°, velocity of ball release 7.58 m/s, 6.25 m/s and 7.27 m/s, and height of ball release 164.49 cm, 180.71 cm and 190.86 cm, while the temporal parameters and angles of the elbow had the same values. We can conclude that for the successful performance of the free throw shooting technique a basketball player needs to achieve greater height of ball release in the final position.

Changes and deformities to the feet are frequent among athletes. The aim of this review paper is to determine the prevalence of foot deformities among athletes with various backgrounds, as well as to determine the influence of the deformities on motor task performance. The compiled studies were published between 2002 and 2018. The following electronic databases were used for the search: PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, EBSCO. The identified studies had to satisfy the following criteria: that they included athletes and that the subject of analysis were the differences in foot deformities in relation to performing motor tasks. Research papers on this topic were reviewed and analyzed. They are clearly organized in tabular form, with a clear outline of the details of the research. The results of 16 research papers are summed up. The most prevalent deformity among athletes is flat feet (pes planus). The studies indicate the various deformities which are prevalent in particular sports, and determine the changes in the feet of the athletes, in particular for the foot which plays a decisive role in certain sports. Individuals with flat feet scored lower results compared to individuals with normal arches in terms of time and reaction speed when performing motor tasks.

Analyzing asymmetry from biomechanical parameters of the lower extremities has become a standard practice for accurate assessment of athletic performance, injury prevention, and rehabilitation. The aims of this study were (1) to determine differences between explosive strength and asymmetry of the lower extremities using kinetic parameters of the CMJ jump test in young female athletics, and (2) to investigate correlation between speed and asymmetry, as speed and kinetic parameters. The two groups of nine female sprinters (mean ± SD; G1-age 15.6 ± 1.34 years, height 170.1 ± 0.57 cm, body mass 62.54 ± 7.73 kg, and BMI 21.6 ± 2.05; G2-age 16.2 ± 1.3 years, height 168.4 ± 0.61 cm, body mass 57.69 ± 3.12 kg, and BMI 20.37 ± 1.38) performed the CMJ test without using an arm swing, as well as a 100 m test. Two tensiometric platforms were used for the kinetic parameters and asymmetry. Asymmetry was calculated by an AI equation, and the values of the takeoff velocities and jump height parameters were obtained by integral formula and the trapezoidal rule of impulse-momentum methods. The results show differences in four kinetic parameters: height (G1- 26.82 ± 3.56 cm, vs. G2- 17.45 ± 2.01 cm), concentric impulse, (G1- 96.05 ± 16.95 N⋅s, vs. G2- 68.41 ± 4.77 N⋅s), takeoff velocity, (G1- 2.29 ± 0.14 m/s, vs. 1.83 ± 0.12 m/s), and concentric velocity, m/s (G1- 1.5 ± 0.175 m/s, vs. 1.17 ± 0.122 m/s), as well as a negative strong and very strong correlation between asymmetry and kinetic parameters for three parameters: Peak Force (G1- r = −0.878, and all subjects r = −0.633), Eccentric Impulse of left leg (G1- r = −0.865) and Concentric Impulse of right leg (G2- r = −0.878), (p <.05). The younger sprinters did not show the principle of muscle activation in the form of a longer preparatory phase of contact time, eccentric and concentric phase, as well as a force impulse that is optimal. There was no correlation between asymmetry and sprint performance.

The effects of the aerobic endurance running program on the morphological characteristics of adolescent girls with different nutritional status.