Ultra-thin asphalt overlay has become the mainstream measure of road preventive maintenance due to its good economic benefits and road performance. However, hot mix asphalt concrete technology is widely used at present, which is not the most ideal way to promote energy saving and emission reduction in the field of road maintenance. At the same time, the ultra-thin friction course based on cold mix technology, such as slurry seal layer, micro-surface, and other technologies, are still far behind the hot mix friction course in terms of crack resistance. In this research, by establishing an integrated design of materials and structures, a cold paving technology called “high-toughness cold-mixed ultra-thin pavement (HCUP)” is proposed. The high-viscosity emulsified bitumen prepared by using high-viscosity and high-elasticity modified bitumen is used as the binder and sticky layer of HCUP. The thickness of HCUP is 0.8–2.0 cm, the typical thickness is 1.2 cm, and the nominal maximum size of the coarse aggregate is 8 mm. Indoor tests show that HCUP-8 has water stability, anti-skid performance, high temperature performance, peeling resistance, and crack resistance that are not weaker than traditional hot-mixed ultra-thin wear layers such as AC-10, Novachip, and GT-8. At the same time, the test road paving further proved that HCUP-8 has excellent road performance with a view to providing new ideas for low-carbon and environmentally friendly road materials.

SBS (styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer) has been widely used in pavement industry as an asphalt modifier. Nanomaterials can further enhance the performance of SBS modified asphalt. However, rare studies investigate the feasibility of using graphene as a performance enhancer of SBS modified asphalt. To fill this gap, comprehensive experimental tests including chemical and mechanical test were carried out on SBS-graphene modified asphalt and SEBS (styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene block copolymer, which is a hydrogenated polymer of SBS) modified asphalt. Graphene with different dimensions and contents was taken into consideration in this study. Based on the experimental work, it can be concluded that graphene improves the mid-temperature performance of SBS modified asphalt. Compared with two-dimensional graphene, three-dimensional graphene has a greater advantage and the enhancement effect increases with the increase of its dosage. In addition, the cross-linked structure of SBS-graphene composite improves the distribution of SBS in asphalt, which improves the overall performance of SBS modified asphalt.