Cervical cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality. It usually spreads via direct invasion and lymphatics. Few cases with superficial spread to the uterine endometrium, fallopian tubes, and ovaries have been observed. The staging of these cases, as well as management, is not yet clear due to limited data. The Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging disregards uterine spread to upstage the disease, and it also fails to provide clear guidelines regarding the superficial extension to the ovaries and tubes which is not uncommon in these cases. A 63-year-old female with postmenopausal bleeding was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma on a pap smear. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging revealed a predominant endometrial lesion. Histopathology after Wertheim's hysterectomy revealed a squamous cell carcinoma of the endocervix, stage 1B2, that had spread superficially to the endometrium. A total of 48 cases of cervical cancer with superficial spread were identified. The commonest complaint was postmenopausal bleed in 39.39%. In 50% of the cases, the disease was carcinoma in situ, and 70.45% of the women had disease of stage 1B or less. In many cases, the disease had reached the tubes, 36.66%, and ovaries 23.33%. All women with stage 2A or lesser disease except for one were alive at 6 months after surgery. Superficial spread of cervical cancer is a distinct entity. Endometrial pathology must be ruled out before planning management in these women, especially when managing early-stage disease with conservative therapy.

Non Puerperal Uterine Inversion (NPUI) is a very uncommon condition. The incidence of puerparal uterine inversion make an estimate of 1/30,000 deliveries and NPUI approximately 17% of all uterine inversion. The most common cause which leads to uterine inversion is a submucous myoma attached to the fundus but diagnosis can be difficult to make. The management of uterine inversion is always challenging for a surgeon. In the present case a 38-year-old woman, presented with significant anaemia because of menorrhagia. She used to feel mass occasionally into the vaginal canal which never comes out of the introitus, the mass was elucidated as a fibroid polyp. On investigation, her haemoglobin was 6.6 gm%, with continous bleeding per vaginum, patient was transfused with three units packed red blood cells and planned for surgery. A diagnosis of incomplete uterine inversion secondary to a submucous fibroid was made at exploratory laparotomy. Total abdominal hysterectomy, right salpingectomy with left salpingo-oophorectomy was performed. The patient was discharged under satisfactory condition.

Background: In the work up of male infertility, Y chromosome microdeletion screening is crucial. PCR is a very sensitive technique to screen Y chromosome microdeletion. In the current study, Y chromosome microdeletion was detected by PCR based technique. To the best of our knowledge, no such study has been reported from Chhattishgarh state of India so far. Material and methods: A total of seventy-three subjects were enrolled for the study during the period of one year. Out of which forty-seven subjects were cases (infertile men with oligozoospermia and azoospermia) and twenty-five were controls (with normozoospermia and having child). Semen analysis was done in each case to evaluate spermatogenesis status. Sperm DNA fragmentation by sperm chromatin dispersion of cases with oligozoopermia was also performed to detect DNA fragmentation Index. Results: Y chromosome microdeletion was observed in one out of forty-seven infertile males who were oligozoospermic or azoospermic. The type of deletion was AZFbc. Thus 2.12% men among oligozoospermic or azoospermic men have Y chromosome microdeletion in Chhattisgarh. Conclusion: In Indian population, AZFbc deletion has been found to be the second commonest type of deletion. In our study, we have also found this as the only deletion. This test also provides etiological interpretation of male infertility to the patient. We believe that awareness about transmission of deleted gene to the offspring could prevent infertility up to certain extent in the affected couples.

Genetic factors contribute to 15% of all causes of male infertility. Y chromosome microdeletion is the second most common genetic cause of male infertility. Screening is important for Yq microdeletion as the defect can be transferred to offspring. Aim of our study is to detect the frequency of Y chromosome microdeletion in idiopathic infertile men using both EAA and non EAA markers in central region of India. Forty men from infertility clinic, seeking treatment of infertility were recruited in the study as cases. Thirty normal fertile men of same origin were recruited as controls. Semen analysis was done and cytogenetic normal infertile men were included in the study. Simplex and multiplex PCR methods were used to detect Yq microdeletions. Frequency of deletion was 11/40 (27.5%). Single deletion of AZF a,b,c were 12.5%, 7.5%, 2.5% respectively (). Double deletions of AZF a+c and b+c were 2.5% each (). Two subjects showed deletion for more than one loci. Overall frequency of deletion depends on sample size, no of markers used, inclusion criteria of subjects and geographic location. So, the screening is important for Yq microdeletion as the defect may be inherited to offspring.

With the invention of new techniques and modalities “see and treat” has become the norm of management now a days. Diagnostic hysteroscopy combined with histological examination of an endometrial biopsy is considered the ‘gold standard’ in the diagnosis of intrauterine abnormalities. The importance of office hysteroscopy lies in the fact that there is no need of any anesthesia and after the procedure the patient can return into his routine activity only with the minimal aid of NSAIDs. Two different types of hysteroscopes are used worldwide: flexible or rigid, which are made in different sizes. Optic miniaturization has been one of the greatest technological advancements in the field of hysteroscopy, both for rod-lens and fiberoptic scopes. The main concerns in office hysteroscopy are the need for necessary expertise, pain management and management of the complications in the office setting and the high cost of the equipment needed for the procedure. But office hysteroscopy has already demonstrated good correlation of findings compared with inpatient hysteroscopy, providing distinct advantages such as reduced anesthesia risks, enhanced time and cost-effectiveness, and faster recovery with less time away from work and home.