Tourism is one of the most important sectors of today's modern world. Countries prepare various incentives and regulations in order to increase their share in tourism revenues. In addition to all these incentives, some data on the structural issues of the country affect tourism revenues. This study analyzes the asymmetrical relationship between the real exchange rate and tourism revenues for the Turkey. 2003: Q1-2020: Q1 has been investigated for periods. According to the non-linear ARDL analysis results, between the exchange rate and tourism revenues an asymmetric relationship in the long run and a symmetric relationship in the short run has been determined. Accordingly, a positive shock in the exchange rate increases tourism revenues by approximately 0.6%, while a negative shock increases tourism revenues by approximately 0.3%.

Countries have to deal with the sustainability of food supply and demand due to factors such as rapid increase in demand for agricultural food products on a global scale and climate change. Therefore, productivity and agricultural value added products have become strategically important to ensure food security. Developed countries provide a significant amount of value added in the agricultural sector. The aim of the study was to determine primary factors affecting the agricultural value added production in Turkey and EU15 countries and to determine how Turkey differs from these countries as a developing country. In this context, the long-term impact of government effectiveness, political stability and gross domestic product on agricultural value added has been investigated for the EU15 countries and Turkey for the period of 2002-2019. Results indicated that Turkey had a lower agricultural value added amount than the EU15 countries. While a statistically significant and positive relationship between agricultural value added and agricultural GDP and Political Stability Index, a statistically significant and negative relationship between agricultural value added and Government Effectiveness Index were observed. Keyword: agricultural value added, government efficiency index, political stability index, panel data analysis JEL Classification: C23, , H50, O13, Q18

This study aims to investigate the causal relationship between agriculture, industry, and service sectors for Turkey. For this purpose, the panel causality analysis developed by Dumitrescu and Hurlin (2012) was performed for Turkey's general and seven geographical regions, using panel data covering 81 provinces from 2004 to 2017. Within the framework of this analysis, the key sectors that drive economic growth were examined for seven regions. According to the findings obtained from the panel causality test, the agriculture sector is fed by industry and service sectors, and the key sectors those direct general economic growth are different by region.

<abstract> <p>Bitcoin has become quite known after the 2008 economic crisis and the COVID-19 health crisis. For some, these cryptocurrencies constitute rebellion against the existing system as governments encourage uncontrolled expansions in the money supply; for some others, it is a quick source of income. Undeniably, the volume of the crypto money market has grown considerably in recent years, regardless of the reasoning of the people who invest and trade in this field. At this point, one of the most important questions to be investigated is "what variables have caused the tremendous growth in the crypto money quantities in recent years?" This study tests the assumption that changes in cryptocurrencies are affected by changes in national currencies. Thus, the Bitcoin price is the dependent variable, and M1 monetary supply changes in the USA, European Union and Japanese economies are considered independent variables. The variables in this study were tested using the time-varying Granger causality method. The results obtained from this study confirm the philosophy of Bitcoin's emergence and the possibility that it can be a hedge against the inflationary effects of money, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic.</p> </abstract>