Background: An increase in the load demand has been forcing the electrical components to work near their allowable limits. The transformation of the power system in terms of technology and geographical stretch has imposed the necessity of employing advanced protection schemes in the system. The system integrity protection scheme (SIPS) has evolved as an effective measure with the gradual sprawl of the conventional grid with local measurements to a smart grid with wide-area measurement system. Aims: SIPS is a rapidly growing field in the power system and thus the study of its performance analysis, implementation methods, and applications is necessary. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of SIPS technology. Materials & Methods: In this paper, SIPS definition and classification are briefly discussed. SIPS normalization schemes that include load shedding, controlled islanding, generation rejection, ou-of-step prediction, relay settings are elaborated. To implement these normalization schemes, various methods such as index-based, optimization-based, WAMS based, EAC based, and ML-based are discussed and compared. Finally, a comparative assessment is framed based on SIPS applied for different power system issues such as transient instability, voltage instability, overloading, line contingency, protection security, etc. Results: It is observed that most of the proposed SIPS are implemented for improving transient stability. The preferred solution for implementing the SIPS by the researchers is load shedding. It is also observed that there is a lack of implementation of SIPS with renewable energy systems.

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Power system faults can often result in excessively high currents. If sustained for a long time, such high currents can damage system equipment. Thus, it is desirable to operate the relays in the minimum possible time. In this paper, a busbar splitting approach is used for adaptive relay setting and co-ordination purposes for a system integrity protection scheme (SIPS). Whenever a fault occurs, the busbar splitting scheme splits a bus to convert a loop into a radial structure. The splitting schemes are chosen such that the net fault current is also reduced. Busbar splitting eliminates the dependency upon minimum breakpoints set (MBPS) and reduces the relay operating time, thus making it adaptive. The proposed methodology is incorporated into the IEEE 14-bus and IEEE 30-bus systems with single and multiple fault conditions. The modeling and simulation carried out in ETAP, and the results of the proposed busbar splitting-based relay co-ordination are compared with the MBPS splitting-based relay co-ordination.