Green infrastructure is presented as a novel and innovative approach in the current environmental planning discourse, but how new is it really? An historical overview of planning ideas in both the urban and the rural contexts indicates that the concept, if not the term, “green infrastructure” has a very long and distinguished pedigree in the field of landscape and open space planning. To determine how far the concept is indeed new, definitions of green infrastructure from the literature are examined. While “green” has long been loosely used as a synonym for natural features and vegetation in the planning context, “infrastructure” is the part of the term which is really novel. Infrastructure is otherwise understood as being either “technical” or “social”, and the common features of these otherwise very different forms are considered in order to gain a better understanding of how they might also relate to a new interpretation of green infrastructure. A number of international case studies of different “green infrastructure” projects are then presented, again to better understand their common features and potential relationship to other infrastructure types. Finally, the necessity to consider green and blue areas together and to take them as seriously as other forms of infrastructure is emphasized. The developing climate and biodiversity crises underline the urgency of implementing a flexible and multifunctional green-blue infrastructure system. This must be carefully integrated into the existing fabric of both urban and rural landscapes and will require an appropriately resourced administration and management system, reflecting its beneficial impacts.

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The earth is rapidly urbanizing. One of the most effective means of dealing with the emergency caused by rapid urbanization is green infrastructure now. Ankara as a metropolitan capital city is also rapidly losing its urban-rural integrity due to rapid urbanization. Although different spatial plans have been made since the declaration of the Republic, the city continued oil-stain expansion and the green area system could not be protected. The Imrahor Valley, which is of ecologically vital importance in the urban-rural integrity, is one of the valuable areas under threat. The valley is an ecotone between the rural and urban ecosystems, southeast of Ankara city center. The valley has come to the point of losing its natural and rural character, especially with the urban transformation practices on the valley floor, slopes and surrounding areas. In this context, the ecological processes to which the Imrahor Valley is connected and dependent and human interventions in these processes are examined in three layers at different levels initially: the province, the city containing the central districts and the basin containing Lake Mogan-Eymir Lake-Imrahor Valley. Then, we focus on the transformation of the Imrahor Valley, one of the most important ecological components of the metropolitan city of Ankara, between 2003–2020. All transformational interventions in the Imrahor Valley affect all natural processes of the Valley irreversibly. It is necessary to re-read and interpret the Imrahor Valley landscape within the framework of the green infrastructure approach in all spatial planning studies and plan changes to be made regarding the metropolitan city.

Two new books on landscape (architecture) teaching, provided the rationale for this paper. It aims to place these into the context of the development of the landscape architecture discipline in Europe. A description of the beginnings of European university education follows an outline of the genesis of the profession. Moves towards European integration in the 1980s supported the establishment of an institutional framework, allowing the creation of a critical mass of academics, giving new impetus to teaching and research. An EU-funded Thematic Network supported the preparation of a common education guidance document, responding indirectly to the European Landscape Convention's call for university courses for landscape specialists. The Convention also stimulated a renewed focus on landscape in other fields of study. This has also broadened the horizons of landscape architecture teaching to encompass approaches from related disciplines. Finally, the paper discusses how landscape architecture education should respond to emerging societal challenges.

Özet: Doğal kaynakların içinde bulunduğu dinamik ve karmaşık, ekolojik, sosyo-kültürel ve ekonomik süreçler karşısında, geleneksel planlama yaklaşımı bu kaynakların sürdürülebilir yönetiminde yetersiz kalmıştır. Yaşanan sorunlar ve riskler, fiziksel planlama ve doğal kaynaklarla ilişkili karar verme süreçlerinde, plancıların ve ilgi gruplarının rolünde, iletişimsel eylemi temel alan, katılımcı yaklaşımları gündeme getirmiştir. Katılımcı yaklaşım ve uygulamalar zaman alıcı ve emek isteyen zorlu süreçler olmasına rağmen, ilgili tarafların hem çevresel, hem de toplumsal ve ekonomik ihtiyaçlarını ve de hedeflerini karşılayabilecek, kalıcı ve işlevsel sonuçlar elde edilmesini sağlayabilmektedir. Bu makalede, ilk olarak, tarafların farklı amaçlarla bir araya geldiği süreçler için kullanılan, iletişim, koordinasyon, kooperasyon ve kolaborasyon kavramları açıklanarak, aktif katılımın temelini oluşturan, kolaborasyon kavramı üzerinde durulmuştur. Sonrasında, geleneksel planlama yaklaşımı ve katılımcı planlamanın temelleri ve aralarındaki farklılıklar incelenerek, katılımcı karar verme sürecinin farklı düzeyleri, Arnstein'ın katılım merdiveni ve katılımdan beklenenler/katılım ile vaat edilenler bağlamında açıklanmıştır. Bu çerçevede makalede, (a) ilgi gruplarının, doğal kaynaklarla ilgili karar verme süreçlerine aktif katılımını sağlama olanakları sunan, kolaboratif doğal kaynak yönetimi, (b) bu sürecin aşamaları ve (c) farklı koşullarda kullanılabilecek kolaboratif süreç ve yapılar hakkında bilgi verilmektedir. Makale, konuyla ilgili araştırma ve uygulamaya yönelik öneriler ile sonuçlanmaktadır. Abstract:In the face of dynamic and complex ecological, socio-cultural and economic processes natural resources are within, traditional planning approaches have fallen short in sustainable management of natural resources. Difficulties and risks thusly experienced have brought forward participatory planning approaches that are based on communicative actions in planners' and stakeholders' roles during physical planning and decision making processes related to natural resources. Though participatory approaches and applications are effort and time demanding, they produce functional and lasting solutions which satisfy the environmental, social and economic demands and needs of the stakeholders. In this article, notions which bring various parties together -like communication, coordination, cooperation and collaboration-for various reasons were explained first with a focus on the term of collaboration as it forms the basis of active participation. Then, the differences between traditional and participatory planning approaches were reviewed, and various levels of participatory decision-making processes were explained in terms of Arnstein's participation ladder and expectations from/promises of participation. Within this framework, this article delivers information about (a) the collaborative natural resource management approach that provides active participation opportunity to stakeholders during decisionmaking processes related to natur...