Background As the rate of crime is constantly increasing, the workload on the forensic analyst also piles up. The availability of a limited number of seized samples makes it crucial to directly analyze the sample, thereby preventing wastage in the prior steps of sample preparation. Due to such needs, the forensic community is consistently working on broadening the usage of direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry (DART-MS). DART-MS is a relatively new technique for rapid mass spectral analysis. Its use for chemical analysis credits its ability to analyze the sample at atmospheric pressure. Main body This article gives insight into the ionization mechanisms, data analysis tools, and the use of hyphenated techniques like thermal-desorption-DART-MS, infrared-thermal-desorption-DART-MS, Joule-heating thermal-desorption-DART-MS, etc. This review summarizes the applications of DART-MS in the field of Forensic Science reported from 2005 to 2021. The applications include analysis of drugs, warfare agents, gun-shot residues, ink differentiation, and other forensically relevant samples. The paper also presents the relation between the type of DART-MS technique and the ionization mode used for a particular class of compounds. Conclusion The review follows that the high-resolution mass-spectrometers or low-resolution mass-spectrometers systems in the positive or negative mode were highly dependent on the type of analyte under investigation. Drugs, inks, dyes, and paints were mainly analyzed using the positive ionization mode in the HRMS technique. The examinations of fire accelerants predominantly used the positive ionization mode in the LRMS technique. Moreover, the limit of detection values obtained from the qualitative screening of street drugs were of ppb level, indicating high sensitivity of DART-MS. Considering the work done in the past years, there are potential future research needs of this technology, especially in forensic science. Graphical Abstract

To manage the soaring power demand, various types of Energy Harvesting Systems (EHS) are being developed. The energy harvesting from unutilized natural renewable sources using piezoelectric transducers is one of them. Day-by-day different analytical models are being reported with different piezoelectric transducers to improve the energy efficiency and output power of the energy harvesting systems. The latest Energy Harvesting Systems (EHS) technology includes the material with outstanding piezoelectric properties, compact fabrication style and distinctive design. They are capable of generating electric power of microwatt to milliwatt range from the unutilized energy sources such as environmental, industrial, vehicular sources and human motion etc. In this study, the reported research works on piezoelectric energy harvesting system (2007-2020) have been reviewed and discussed. The review basically focuses on the constitutional/compositional development of the piezoelectric transducers used in energy harvesting processes.

This paper presents an overview of data acquisition, data logging and supervisory control of different parameters for green house application. In this work a Green House system is considered, where data from various parameters are needed to be acquired, logged in a database for further analysis and supervisory control. This paper acquires data of surrounding temperatures of the Green House and pH value of water in Green House and controls the parameters when an alarming situation occurs.

For managing the soaring power demand, various types of Energy Harvesting Systems (EHS) have been developed. The energy harvesting from unutilized natural renewable sources using piezoelectric transducers is one of them. Day-by-day different analytical models are being reported with different piezoelectric transducers to improve the energy efficiency and output power of the energy harvesting systems. The goal of this paper is to review the PEH (Piezo-electric Energy Harvesting) systems developed in last decade to harness energy required for small electronics. The Piezo-electric energy harvesting system works on the phenomena of direct piezo-electric effect; i.e. the transducer generates electric energy when it is exposed to mechanical stress/pressure/vibration. The suitability of piezo-electric transducer for different applications depends upon the piezo-electric materials, their shapes and configurations. In this article the different piezoelectric materials and the transducer configurations have been discussed. The performance parameters of different piezo-electric energy harvesting systems have been analyzed and the scope of improvement in the existing systems has been discussed in this manuscript.

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