Purpose This research was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and health-promoting potentials of nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic-rich fraction (PRF) from Alcea rosea leaves, as a dietary phytobiotic, in mice as challenged by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli; O157: H7). Method The PEF was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (PEF-NLs), and the phenolic profiling of PEF-NLs was confirmed by HPLC. Next, 40 white male balb/c mice were assigned to four treatment groups to assess the antibacterial potential of PEF-NLs by measuring the blood parameters and the liver’s lipid peroxidation in the mice as a result of the infection caused by E. coli. Finally, the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in the miceʼs ileum tissues. A real-time PCR was used to analyze the relative fold changes in the population of E. coli in the ileum. Results The overall results demonstrated that the nanoliposome-loaded PRF contained gallic acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, catechin, naringin, and ferulic acid. The E. coli intervention impaired the mice's weight gain, food intake, liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, and the ileum’s morphometric characteristics. The challenge also upregulated the inflammatory genes (COX2, iNOS), downregulated the antioxidant-related genes (SOD and GPx), and increased the population of E. coli in the ileum. The dietary inclusion of the nonencapsulated PRF and the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF, at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day, improved these parameters. However, compared to nonencapsulated PRF, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF appeared to be more effective in improving the health parameters in mice. Conclusion As a promising phytobiotic, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF could play a critical role against the E. coli infection in mice probably due to the increase in the higher intestinal solubility, bioavailability, and absorption of phenolic compounds encapsulated in the nanoliposome carrier.

Background: This research was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and health-promoting potentials of the nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic rich fraction (PRF) from Alcea rosea leaves as a dietary phytobiotic in mice challenged by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coil; O157: H7). Results: The overall results demonstrated that the nanoliposome-loaded PRF contained gallic acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, catechin, naringin, ferulic acid. The E. coil challenge in mice impaired the weight gain, food intake, liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, morphometric characteristics of the ileum, up-regulated the inflammatory genes (COX2, iNOS), down-regulated the antioxidant-related genes (SOD and GPx) and increased the population of E. coil in the ileum. The dietary inclusion of nonencapsulated PRF and nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day improved these parameters however the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF appeared to be more effective as compared to nonencapsulated PRF in improving the health parameters in mice. Conclusion: Consequently, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF could play a critical role as a promising phytobiotic against E. coil infection in mice.

Purpose This research was performed to evaluate the antibacterial and health-promoting potentials of the nanoliposome-encapsulated phenolic rich fraction (PRF) from Alcea rosea leaves as a dietary phytobiotic in mice challenged by enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coil; O157: H7). Method: The PEF was encapsulated in nanoliposomes (PEF-NLs) and the phenolic profiling of PEF-NLs was confirmed by HPLC. Then 40 white male balb/c mice at four treatment groups were provided and antibacterial potential of PEF-NLs were assessed by measuring the mice blood parameters and liver lipid peroxidation in mice infected by E. coli. Finally, the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were determined in miceʼs ileum tissues. Meanwhile, relative fold changes in the ileum population of E. coli was analyzed using Real time PCR. Results The overall results demonstrated that the nanoliposome-loaded PRF contained gallic acid, salicylic acid, pyrogallol, cinnamic acid, catechin, naringin, ferulic acid. The E. coil challenge in mice impaired the weight gain, food intake, liver enzymes, lipid peroxidation, morphometric characteristics of the ileum, up-regulated the inflammatory genes (COX2, iNOS), down-regulated the antioxidant-related genes (SOD and GPx) and increased the population of E. coil in the ileum. The dietary inclusion of nonencapsulated PRF and nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF at the concentration of 10 mg TPC/kg BW/day improved these parameters however the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF appeared to be more effective as compared to nonencapsulated PRF in improving the health parameters in mice. Conclusion Consequently, the nanoliposome-encapsulated PRF could play a critical role as a promising phytobiotic against E. coil infection in mice.