Recebido em 20/10/05; aceito em 7/4/06; publicado na web em 11/8/06The umbu tree (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam) is an important fruit tree the economy of the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil. With the objective of finding use for the seeds, physical and chemical characterizations of the seeds from 2 cultivars in 2 maturation stages were carried out and their fatty acid and mineral profiles determined. The results showed no differences between the seeds analyzed. The yield was about 10% and the dimensions as follows: length from 1.48 to 2.11 cm and width from 0.76 to 1.16 cm. The average lipid content was 55% of which 69% was unsaturated and the average protein content was 24%. The seeds were a good source of the following minerals: P, K, Mg, Fe and Cu. The overall results indicated that the oil or the seeds could be used for food stuffs if no toxic agents were found.
RESUMO:Os sistemas de cultivo utilizados no semi-árido brasileiro apresentam riscos de perda devido à irregularidade das chuvas, devendo-se associá-los a práticas que propiciem maior infiltração e, conseqüentemente, menor erosão, o que pode ser obtido por meio de técnicas de captação de água de chuva in situ. Neste trabalho, teve-se o objetivo de avaliar as perdas de água e de solo em área cultivada com milho (Zea mays L.), submetida a diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, correspondendo aos tratamentos Guimarães Duque (T1); aração profunda (T2); aração parcial (T3) e sulcos barrados (T4), comparados com o sistema tradicional (T5), que corresponde ao plantio sem preparo do solo. Após cada evento de chuva, a água e o solo escoados foram coletados e medidos. A umidade do solo em diferentes profundidades foi monitorada durante o ciclo de produção da cultura e avaliada a produtividade dos grãos por meio da análise de variância. A partir dos resultados, pode-se observar que o método Guimarães Duque (T1) proporcionou maiores perdas de água (6.696 L) e de solo (15.225 kg ha -1 ), enquanto as menores perdas foram obtidas com os sulcos barrados (T4), correspondendo a 1.066 L e 1.022 kg ha -1 , respectivamente. Nesse tratamento (T4), também foi obtida a maior produtividade de grãos (606 kg ha -1 ), apresentando-se como o sistema mais indicado para as condições analisadas. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: erosão, escoamento, chuva, Zea mays L. SOIL AND WATER LOSSES IN SITU WATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS IN THE BRAZILIAN SEMI-ARID ABSTRACT:The cropping systems used in the Brazilian semi-arid show risks of losses due to irregularity of rainfall, requiring the use of practices which produce higher water infiltration and, as a consequence, lower soil erosion, which can be obtained through in situ rainwater harvest techniques. This study had the objective of evaluating soil and water losses in a corn (Zea mays L.) area subjected to different soil preparation systems: Guimarães Duque (T1), deep plowing (T2), partial plowing (T3), and furrows with barriers (T4), compared to the traditional system (T5), i.e., plain planting. After each rainfall, the drained water and soil were collected and measured. The soil moisture at different depths was monitored during the crop cycle and grain yield was evaluated through analysis of variance. The results allowed to conclude that T1 showed the biggest water (6,696 L) and soil (15,225 kg ha -1 ) losses, while the smallest losses occurred with T4 (1,066 L and 1,022 kg ha -1 , respectively). The highest grain yield (606 kg ha -1 ) was obtained in T4, which allows indicating it as the most promising system for the Brazilian semi-arid conditions.
<p>O Semiárido brasileiro requer uma particular atenção, dada à irregularidade das precipitações pluviométricas que ocorrem na região. A cisterna tipo calçadão do programa Uma Terra e Duas Águas – P1+2 assegura melhoria na dieta alimentar das famílias rurais, por permitir a inserção de frutas e hortaliças na alimentação. Com o presente trabalho objetivou-se realizar um levantamento da situação atual do uso das cisternas de produção e suas reais contribuições na melhoria da qualidade de vida de famílias rurais na microrregião do Vale do São Francisco, no Estado de Pernambuco. Foi realizada uma pesquisa exploratória e qualitativa no campo, com comunidades localizadas nos municípios de Petrolina, Afrânio e Dormentes. Pôde-se concluir que a implantação das cisternas do P1+2, tem se constituído em importante instrumento para melhoria da dieta alimentar das famílias, todavia, há necessidade de melhor acompanhamento técnico quanto ao uso racional e eficiente da água da cisterna.</p><p align="center"><strong><em>Production cisterns to improve the quality of life in the semiarid of the pernamuco state</em></strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong><strong>: </strong>The Brazilian semiarid requires particular attention, because of the irregularity of rainfall affecting the region. The cistern Calçadão type of the program called One Land and Two Waters - P1 + 2 ensures improvement in the diet of rural families by allowing the inclusion of fruit and vegetables in the diet. This paper aims to survey the current state of the use of production cisterns and their real contributions to the improvement of rural households in the micro region of the São Francisco Valley, in the state of Pernambuco. It was done an exploratory and qualitative research in the field, with communities located in the municipalities of Petrolina, Afrânio and Dormentes. It was concluded that the cisterns of the P1 + 2, have become an important tool for improving the diet of families, however, a better technical support is required about the rational and efficient use of the water cistern.</p><p><strong> </strong></p>
RESUMOOs frutos de umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) maduros são altamente perecíveis, e o aproveitamento deles no estádio de maturação verde, sob a forma de doce é uma interessante alternativa econômica, para o semi-árido nordestino. A conservação da cor, durante o armazenamento, constitui um fator de qualidade dos mais importantes para o consumo, e o presente trabalho objetivou avaliar sua alteração em função de diferentes formulações, embalagens (polipropileno e celofane) e temperaturas (33 e 43°C), por 90 dias de armazenamento. A adição de pectina e/ou xarope de glicose não alterou a luminosidade (L*), mas diminuiu os valores de a* ( intensidade do vermelho ) e b*. ( intensidade do amarelo). Verificou-se diminuição dos valores de L* a* e b*, notadamente para os doces armazenados à temperatura de 43°C e para a formulação sem adição de pectina. A embalagem não exerceu efeito significativo sobre L*( luminosidade), mas afetou a* e b* aos 90 dias de estocagem, em ambas as temperaturas. Os resultados globais indicaram o uso de pectina e xarope de glicose, embalagens de polipropileno e estocagem à temperaturas mais baixas como sendo as condições mais adequadas para preservação da cor.Termos para indexação: Umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.), parâmetros de cor, vida de prateleira. ABSTRACTRipe umbu (Spondias tuberosa Arr. Cam.) is highly perishable, thus using unripe umbu to make marmalade is an interesting economic alternative for the semi arid northeastern region in Brazil. Color conservation during storage is one of the major quality factors for consumption. This work aimed to evaluate color alteration in function of different formulations, packagings (polypropylene and cellophane) and temperatures (33 and 43°C) over 90 storage days. Pectin and/or glucose syrup adittion did not alter luminosity (L*), but decreased a* (red intensity) and b*(yellow intensity) values. L* (luminosity), a* ( red intensity) and b* (yellow intensity) values were found to decrease, especially for marmalade stored at 43°C and formulation without pectin addition. The package did not influenced the L* (luminosity), but at 90 days of storage, this factor influenced the values of a* and b* parameters em both temperatures. The overall results indicated the use pectin-and glucose syrup-added formulation , packaging in polypropylene pots and storage at lower temperatures as being the most adequate conditions for color preservation.
A preserve made from “umbu” in the green state of maturity represents an alternative to avoid losses of the fruit in the mature stage. A factorial experimental design was used to evaluate the effects of formulation, packaging and storage time (0, 45 and 90 days) on the physicochemical, chemical, physical and microbiological characteristics of the preserve during storage under ambient conditions (33C/88% relative humidity). The results showed that the products were microbiologically stable, but that degradation of soluble pectin, reducing sugars and total soluble solids occurred, especially in the cellophane packaging, and this resulted in textural and color changes in the products. The results suggested the incorporation of pectin and glucose syrup and the use of a polypropylene packaging as being the most adequate method of producing and conserving preserves made from this pulp.
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