Factors related to positive testing of dogs for visceral leishmaniasis in endemic area
There is growing interest in breeding rheas (Rhea americana) in Brazil. However, there are no data on the yeast microbiota of the gastrointestinal tract of this avian species, and the phenotypic characteristics of these yeasts are not known. Therefore, the aim of this work was to isolate Candida species from the digestive tract of rheas and to evaluate the in vitro antifungal susceptibility and secretion of phospholipases of the recovered isolates. For this purpose, 58 rheas from breeding operations in the cities of Fortaleza and Mossoró , north-eastern Brazil, were used. Samples were gathered from the oropharynx and cloaca of the animals using sterile swabs. Stool samples were collected from their pens by scraping with a scalpel blade. For the primary isolation, the material was seeded onto 2 % Sabouraud dextrose agar supplemented with chloramphenicol (0.5 g l "1
Controle de Flebotomíneos (Diptera: Psychodidae) Vetores de Leishmanioses RESUMO -Os fl ebotomíneos são vetores de importância médica e veterinária, podendo transmitir leishmanioses, bartoneloses e algumas arboviroses. A adaptação de algumas espécies a locais que passaram por modifi cações humanas as aproxima dos domicílios, podendo facilitar a transmissão das doenças, e as estratégias adotadas para seu controle têm sido controvertidas. No tocante às leishmanioses, por exemplo, o que sustenta a utilização do controle vetorial e de reservatórios como estratégias de intervenção é a conjectura de que a incidência de infecção em humanos está diretamente relacionada ao número de cães infectantes e a fatores entomológicos. Dessa forma, o controle do vetor pode então oferecer solução menos onerosa e mais prática, o que conduziria a medidas preventivas efi cazes em um maior número de focos de leishmaniose. Não obstante, na complexidade dos fatores envolvidos, o controle químico continua sendo indispensável e o uso de inseticidas biológicos e plantas inseticidas, por exemplo, representam áreas de estudo a serem incentivadas e desenvolvidas, pois apresentam resultados promissores. A análise em questão representa uma oportunidade de avaliação das medidas até então adotadas, principalmente em relação aos métodos e à efi cácia dos componentes entomológicos dos programas de controle das leishmanioses. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Antropozoonose, Lutzomyia, PhlebotomusABSTRACT -Phlebotomines are of medical and veterinary concern as they vector leishmaniasis, bartonellosis and some arboviruses. The adaptations of some species to places modifi ed by humans bring these vectors into contact with dwellings, which can facilitate disease transmission, and the vector control strategies adopted have rendered controversial results. Regarding leishmaniasis, for instance, which vector and reservoirs control can be effective, there is an assumption that the incidence of human infection is directly related to the number of infectious dogs, as well as to entomological factors. Therefore, vector control can provide a cheaper and more practical solution to prevent cases of leishmaniasis. Nevertheless, due to the complexity of the factors involved, chemical control is still essential, and biological insecticides and insecticide plants, for example, represent areas for study that should be encouraged and developed since they show promising results. This paper summarizes the control strategies adopted so far, especially the methods and effi ciency of the entomological components of leishmaniasis control programs.
Aims: To evaluate the applicability of the Mimosa tenuiflora and Eucalyptus urograndis pyroligneous acids (PAs) as alternative antiseptics in dairy goats. Methods and Results: Cytotoxicity was evaluated in vitro using bacteria, as well as in vivo using goats, and the influence of PAs on the physicochemical parameters of fresh milk were examined. The cytotoxicity of PAs was evaluated in terms of morphology, cell viability and metabolic activity of goat tegumentary cells. The PA of M. tenuiflora had results similar to those of 2% iodine. For the in vitro tests, strains of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa were used with the well technique, demonstrating inhibition halos greater than 9 mm. In the in vivo test, 15 animals were used per phase of the experiment, and the plate counting technique showed that there was antiseptic action of both extracts, with emphasis on the M. tenuiflora PA. Physicochemical analysis of the milk showed that neither PAs interfered with its physical-chemical parameters. Conclusions: The PA of M. tenuiflora presented potential as an alternative antiseptic in dairy goats. Significance and Impact of the Study: This study demonstrates the use of PA as an antimicrobial agent in animals.
Urban increase of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in Brazil is associated with the adaptation of its vector, Lutzomyia longipalpis, to environments modified by humans. The present study reports the results of an entomological monitoring of L. longipalpis and the effect of environmental variables on its population density. Sandflies were captured in the municipality of Mossoró, State of Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil, from January 2005 to December 2006. Two CDC light traps were placed monthly for four consecutive nights in the peridomicile of selected households. Data analysis was based on the chi-square test and linear regression. A total of 2,087 sandflies were captured, 99.86% of which were L. longipalpis. A higher proportion of females were captured (p < 0.05). Monthly analysis of the variables temperature, relative humidity and rainfall did not show a significant influence on population density. However, there were seasonal differences: approximately 70% of sand flies were captured during the rainy season (p < 0.05). The predominant species, L. longipalpis, is present in substantial number, representing a public health risk. Therefore, because of higher prevalence during the rainy season, we recommend intensified VL control measures before and during this season to reduce the risk of disease transmission.Keywords: Lutzomyia longipalpis, seasonality, epidemiology, vector control, visceral leishmaniasis. ResumoNo Brasil, o crescimento urbano da leishmaniose visceral (LV) está associado com a adaptação do seu vetor, Lutzomyia longipalpis, aos ambientes modificados pelo homem. Este estudo relata a vigilância entomológica de L. longipalpis e os efeitos das variáveis ambientais sobre a sua densidade populacional. Os flebotomíneos foram capturados no município de Mossoró, Rio Grande do Norte, no Nordeste do Brasil, a partir de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2006. Duas armadilhas tipo CDC foram colocadas mensalmente durante quatro noites consecutivas no peridomicílio das casas escolhidas. A análise dos dados foi baseada no teste Qui-quadrado e regressão linear. Um total de 2.087 flebotomíneos foram capturados, dos quais 99,86% foram L. longipalpis. Mais fêmeas do que machos foram capturados (p < 0,05). Na análise mensal das variáveis ambientais a temperatura, umidade relativa e a chuva não tiveram impacto significativo sobre a densidade populacional de L. longipalpis. No entanto, houve diferenças sazonais: aproximadamente 70% dos flebotomíneos foram capturados durante a estação chuvosa (p < 0,05). Assim, L. longipalpis, a espécie predominante, representa um risco à saúde pública. Portanto, devido à maior prevalência no período chuvoso, recomendamos intensificar as medidas de controle da LV antes e durante este período para reduzir o risco de transmissão da doença.Palavras-chave: Lutzomyia longipalpis, sazonalidade, epidemiologia, controle vetorial, leishmaniose visceral.
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