Okra plant is propagated mainly by using seeds production and also through vegetative part like root, shoot, leaves and apical meristem embryo. its potential self pollinated (autogenous) crop, but considered as cross-pollinated, the extent of cross pollination depend up on cultivar, competitive flora insect population and season. Since okra is an often cross pollinated crop it's difficult for production of pure seed at field. Hybrid seed production of the heterosis is exploited in okra for production of F1 hybrids; generally hand emasculation and pollination are to produce hybrid seed in okra. But hand emasculation and pollination are uneconomical due to less seeds/ fruit. Micro propagation on okra is other option to produce pure seed, the explants like hypocotyls, cotyledonary node and leaf when cultured in MS medium containing NAA or IAA obtained callus formation and root differentiation. Shoot were produced on cotyledon and cotyledonary node explants cultured in a medium supplemented with BA and NAA and roots were also developed from these shoot and plantlets grew normally on transfer to soil. The process no genetic materials exchange the offspring forms single plant, thus result plant identical to the parent plant. Available techniques for the transfer of gen could significantly shorten the time required for conventional breading procedure, to overcome some of the agronomic and environmental problems plant tissue culture has long been recognized an efficient tool for rapid clonal propagation high efficient plant regeneration essential for genetic transformation ex-pant regeneration of okra plant Okra (Albelmosculents) is one of the most widely known and utilized species of the family Maldacena [1], an economically important vegetable crop grown in tropical and subtropical parts of the world [2,3]. Okra originated in Ethiopia [4] and was then propagated in North Africa, in Mediterranean, in Arabia and India by the 12 th century BC [5]. Okra is known by many local names in different parts of the world it is called lady's finger in England, gumbo in United states of America guano-gumbo in Spanish, GUI-BEIRO IN Portuguese bhinidiaa India [6]. In its origin Ethiopia is called Baima. Okra plants are grown commercially in many countries such as India, Japan, Turky, Iran, western Africa, Southern United states [7]. Okra is multipurpose crop due to its various uses of the fresh leaves buds flowers pods stems and seeds [8]. Immature fruits (green seed pods which as consumed as vegetables can be used in salad soups and stews fresh or dried or boiled [9]. Okra seeds have the roasted and ground to form a caffeine free substitute for coffee [10]. To promote the use of indigenous vegetables like okra that have play significant role in mitigate food insecurity alleviate malnutrition in the country. The chemical composition of okra pod per 100 g edible portion 81% 86.1g water energy 144.00 kJ 2.6 g protein carbohydrate 8.2g fat 0.2g fiber1.7g ca 84g Fe 1.2 mg B-carotenoid 185 micro gram. In leaves per 100 g edible portion wat...

Shallot (Allium cepa var. ascalonicum Backer) is an important vegetable crop cultivated by smallholder farmers for consumption and income generation in Ethiopia. However, scarcity of high yielding varieties as well as lack of superior planting material seriously constrains productivity of the crop. Research project was initiated aiming at studying adaption of true seed shallot for yield and components. A series of experiments were conducted using the randomized complete block design to identify the appropriate variety for production of bulb yield. The combined analysis of variance results for marketable bulb yield (kg/plot), unmarketable bulb yield (kg/ha), total bulb yield (kg/plot) and total bulb yield (t/ha). The results showed that the mean squares for main factors of genotype and year as well as interaction of genotypes x year were significant for marketable bulb yield (kg/plot). The overall marketable yield range of the shallot varieties was from 256.56-171.49qtha -1 and the average number of splits per plants ranged from 8-4.72. Improved Minjar shallot variety showed its superiority in marketable bulb yield (kg/plot), total bulb yield (kg/plot) and total bulb yield (t/ha) yields as compared to other varieties. Therefore, as there was no significant yield advantage between these varieties from true seed study area, so the experiment could be repeated across locations to come up with good conclusion for recommendation.

Field experiment involving five improved onion (Allium cepa L.) varieties and carried out at Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center during the 2018 to 2019 cropping seasons under irrigated condition to identify the best performing variety for seed production to the target areas of Arsi Zone. The onion varieties included in the field experiment were (Nafis, Robaf, Nasic Red, Bombe Red, and Adama Red). The experimental design was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Phenological and growth parameters, seed yield, and yield components were studied. The result showed that Variety had a significant effect on most phonological and growth attributes as well as on yield attributes. The number of days to flowering and vigorously were significantly affected by variety; while plant height, days to boolting and branch number was not significantly influenced by variety. Flower stalks height and diameter, number of umbel per plant, and umbel diameter also significantly affected by variety. Seed yield per umbel and mean seed yield per hectare also showed a significance difference among varieties. The highest seed yield per hectare (1415.89 kg/ha) was recorded from Adama Red and followed by Nafis variety, whereas Nasic rerd, Bombe red and Robaf show no significance difference among each other, Therefore, it can be concluded that use of the improved onion varieties such as Adama red and Nafis is advisable and could be appropriate for onion seed production in the test area even though further testing is required to put the recommendation on a strong basis.

A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of different blended fertilizer types (NPSB and NPSBZn) and their rates on fruit yield, nutrient concentration, nutrient uptake and nutrient use efficiency of hot pepper at Assosa, Western Ethiopia. The experiment was set with eight treatments (recommended NP, three different blended rates for each NPSB and NPSBZn and unfertilized plot) laid out in randomized complete block design with three replications using a hot pepper variety Mereko Fana. In the blends since N content was low, supplementary N was applied from Urea to optimize N needs of the crop. The results of the study revealed that the crop phonological parameters (days to flowering and maturity, fruit dry yield and average dry fruit weight) were significantly (p<0.05) affected by blended fertilizer type and rates. The days to flowering and maturity were significantly (p<0.05) improved by application of 100 kg NPSBZn + 29 N kg ha-1. The maximum total dry fruit yields (2.44 t ha-1), the highest fruit uptake of nitrogen (50.1), phosphorus (9.9) and sulfur (4.1 kg ha-1), and the highest apparent nutrient recovery for N (47.91%) were recorded with the application of 150 kg + 44 N kg ha-1 NPSBZn; while higher agronomic efficiency of N (9.59 kg pod kg-1) and P (12.80%) were recorded with the application of 100 kg + 29 N kg ha-1 blended fertilizer rate. In general, the nutrient use efficiency of the blended fertilizers tested was acceptable and high. The uptake of N, P, K and S were significantly and highly correlated (p< 0.01) with total dry fruit yield. Therefore, the study recommends 150 kg NPSBZn + 44 N kg ha-1 blended fertilizer for sustainable hot pepper production in Assosa area of Western Ethiopia.

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