Markhor is a national animal of Pakistan. It is present in different regions of KPK, Baluchistan and Sindh with majority of the population in KPK region. Generally, five species of Markhor are present in different areas of Pakistan and they differ from each other on the basis of their location and their horns. Its status is endangered in Pakistan and major reasons for its decline are habitat loss, hunting and poaching etc. An increase in hunting has been observed in last few decades due to its skull and meat importance. Although a lot of conservations programs are involved for the protection of this animal and various different national and international agencies are also working on it such as NWFP wildlife department etc. The agencies are collecting funds from different sources like tourism to protect this animal. The present review highlights the importance of Markhor along with its distribution, major threats and conservation strategies adopted to protect Markhor in Pakistan.

The Covid-19 pandemic has wreaked havoc throughout the world, with 150 million cases to date and over 3 million lives claimed worldwide Objectives: To assess the immediate side effects of Covid-19 vaccination among the people of Pakistan Study Design: Randomized, descriptive cross-sectional study Methodology: Present study was carried out using an online questionnaire by enrolling 17040 subjects. Inclusion/Exclusion criteria: All citizens of Pakistan over the age of 12, who were eligible for the COVID-19 vaccination were enrolled. Statistical analysis: Data was analyzed by SPSS software, version 25 in terms of frequencies and percentages. Results: In present study, results showed that 76% subjects were vaccinated. Among them 64% received Sinopharm, 30% Sinovac, 0.7% Pfizer, 0.5% Astrazeneca, 2.8% Moderna, 0.8% Cansino, 0.3% PakVac and 0.1% Sputnik V. Most participants (66%) suffered no symptoms post vaccination. Only 15% developed fever, 7% dizziness, 5% vomiting, 4% pain at injection site, 2% headache and 1% fatigue. After vaccination, 1% had a re-infection and 99% so far have not caught Covid-19. Among all participants, 87% found the vaccine safe, 7% were neutral and 5% found it unsafe. Conclusion: We concluded that most Pakistanis have received the Chinese vaccine i.e. Sinopharm. Majority individuals have experienced either no to mild or few moderate type of adverse effects following immunization irrespective of the age and gender that can be easily managed at home. Key Words: COVID-19, Vaccination, Awareness and Adverse Effec

Background: Patient Satisfaction is a standard which measures the level of contentment patients get after having a physiotherapy treatment for the musculoskeletal conditions. Mostly, geriatric population has a greater tendency to suffer from musculoskeletal problems so the research we conducted was purely based upon the satisfaction among elderly people in Pakistan. Objective: The purpose of this study was to check the level of patient satisfaction with musculoskeletal physical therapy treatment and the factors which influence patient satisfaction. Methodology: A cross sectional study using a validated outcome measurement tool (patient satisfaction questionnaire); designed by Arcade university of Applied Sciences in Finland. The Questionnaire comprised of 20 questions and terms used in questionnaire were 1-totally dissatisfied, 2- dissatisfied, 3- neutral, 4- satisfied, 5- totally satisfied. The researcher directly interviewed 400 patients in government hospitals of Punjab like Lahore, Sialkot, Faisalabad, Gujranwala and Multan during the time period of June 2020 to Nov 2020. The research included patients with musculoskeletal problems varies between the ages of 54-74 years. Results were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Results: The results were analyzed by SPSS Statistics 21, demonstrated Totally Dissatisfied 22%, Dissatisfied 31%, Neutral 13%, Satisfied 19% and Totally Satisfied were 15% with physiotherapy services. Conclusion: This outcome of the study concluded a high level of dissatisfaction of 22% in geriatrics by physiotherapy treatment for musculoskeletal conditions. The results of this study concluded that patient centered approach was not followed by physiotherapist and hence it leads to high level of dissatisfaction in geriatrics. Keywords: Patient satisfaction, musculoskeletal problems, Government sector, Physiotherapy treatment.

Introduction: Liver is an important organ in the body. Due to its role in metabolism of drugs it is also a major site of drug induced liver injury. Oxidative stress plays an important role in DILI therefore use of nti-oxidants has been proposed to combat liver injury . Objective of the Study: To measure and compare Hepatoprotective effects of Zinc complex of Betulinic acid and Silymarin due to their antioxidant effects on Pyrazinamide induced Hepatotoxicity in mice. Methodology: It was an experimental randomized control trial. The research was conducted at the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Multidisciplinary research laboratory at IIMCT with mutual collaboration of National Institute of Health (NIH) in Islamabad, Pakistan. Research was started after the official approval of synopsis by accredited Ethical Review Committee. Study duration was one year from 1 September 2020 to 31 august 2021. 24 adult Balb-C mice were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 was Negative Control (NC) and did not receive any intervention. Oral pyrazinamide (500mg/kg) was administered for 28 days to the group 2 (disease control) alone and to group 3 and 4 in combination with Silymarin (100mg/kg) and Zinc complex of Betulinic Acid(1mg/kg) respectively. Mice were dissected after completion of experiment and liver samples were taken for Histopathological analysis. Hepatoprotective function of Silymarin and zinc complex of Betulinic acid was evaluated in group 3 and 4 by Histopathological changes. Results: Significant (p<0.05) changes were seen in parameters (necrosis, inflammatory cell infiltration and vascular congestion) among groups. Conclusion: This study proves protective effects of zinc complex of Betulinic acid and Silymarin on pyrazinamide induced hepatotoxicity. Key Words: Hepatotoxicity, Betulinic Acid, Silymarin, Pyrazinamide, Zinc, Tuberculosis