Small mountain lakes are natural archives for understanding long-term natural and anthropogenic impact on the environment. This study focused on long-term (last ca. 13 000 years) vegetation changes and sedimentary processes in the catchment area of Lake Planina pri jezeru (1430 m a.s.l.) by using mineralogical, geochemical and palynological methods. Palynological results suggest that regional vegetation between 12 900 and 11 700 cal a BP was a herbaceous-forest tundra (Pinus, Artemisia, Poaceae). Climate warming at the beginning of the Holocene (ca. 11 700 cal a BP) caused the transition from a wetland (Cyperaceae) to an eutrophic lake with alternating anoxic (pyrite) and oxic conditions (gypsum). In addition, the surrounding area became forested (Picea, Larix, Ulmus). Fagus expanded at 10 200 cal a BP and Abies at 8200 cal a BP. Between 7500 and 4300 cal a BP, human impact on the environment was barely noticeable and mostly limited to grazing. During 4300-430 cal a BP human impact became more evident and gradually increased. The greatest influence was observed from 430 cal a BP onwards, when excessive exploitation of the surrounding area (logging and grazing) severely eutrophicated the lake.
Izvle~ekV prispevku so obravnavani ostanki mehkužcev iz profila Osek-2 v Slovenskih goricah blizu Zgornjega Oseka. Med mehkužci je ugotovljenih nekaj melanopsidnih polžev in {koljka Mytilopsis ornithopsis (Brusina, 1892). Fosilna favna dolo~a pe{~enim sedimentnim kamninam profila Osek-2 spodnjepanonijsko starost. AbstractRemains of molluscs from a small outcrop at Zgornji Osek (section Osek-2) in Slovenske gorice are described. Some melanopsid gastropods and a bivalve Mytilopsis ornithopsis (Brusina, 1892) were documented. The fossil assemblage from fluvio-lacustrine sediments at Osek-2 corresponds to the Early Pannonian. UvodPanonijske plasti so v Sloveniji omejene predvsem na njen vzhodni del, vendar ni veliko krajev z bogato fosilno makrofavno. Med lokacije z ve~ ostanki panonijske favne lahko uvrstimo najdi{~e ^anje pri Sevnici, Blatno severno od Globokega oziroma severnovzodno od Brežic, Ruhno vas na Dolenjskem in seveda Osek z zelo lepo ohranjenimi mehkužci, kjer prevladujejo melanopsidni polži in mitilopsidne {koljke. Najdi{~e Osek-2 (sl. 1 in 2a) smo obiskali in raziskovali že leta 1997, takrat smo na{li nekaj mehkužcev, predvsem polžev. Razen omenjenih polžev smo v raziskave vklju~ili tudi {koljke, ki jih je leta 2003 na{el Franci Golob s Ptuja in jih kasneje podaril zbirki Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije (PMS) v Ljubljani.Nina Caf je v jeseni 2013 v okviru svoje diplomske naloge raziskovala in zbrala panonijske fosilne ostanke v najdi{~u Osek-2 pri Zgornjem Oseku. Na{la je ve~ melanopsidnih polžjih hi{ic, nekaj slabo ohranjenih {kolj~nih lupin, rastlinske ostanke in dva fragmentirana kosa sesalskih vretenc. V za~etku leta 2014 je pridobila {e fosilne {koljke iz najdi{~a Osek, ki jih je prejela od uslužbencev Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije. Opis profila Osek-2Žnidar^i^ in Mio^ (1988;1989) iz okolice najdi{~a Osek-2 omenjata pe{~en laporovec, glino, pesek in prod, ki sta jim pripisala panonijsko starost (M 3 2 ) in braki~no sedimentacijsko okolje. Starost je potrjena z ostrakodi. Zanimivo je, da iz panonijskih plasti ne omenjata ostankov mehkužcev.Caf in sodelavci (2014 in 2015) so naredili sedimentolo{ko, paleontolo{ko in stratigrafsko analizo profila Osek-2 (sl. 2b). V podlagi 5m debelega profila je meljast prod, sledi rumenkastorjav malo prodnat sljudnat meljevec z ostanki mehkužcev, rastlin in kostmi kopenskega sesalca. Do vrha profila je sljudnati meljevec z razli~nimi sedimentnimi teksturami. Caf (2015) navaja valovne sipinice, horizontalno, konvolutno in valovito laminacijo in bioturbacijo s plamenastimi teksturami. Omenjeni sedimenti so nastajali v spodnjem panoniju in ustrezajo najmlaj{emu delu cone B v Centralni Paratetidi, na kar kažejo predvsem ostanki {koljk vrste Mytilopsis ornithopsis (Brusina, 1892). Najverjetneje je bila sedimentacija v sprednjem delu lakustrine delte v bližini obale Panonskega bazena.
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