How do young Russians relate to World War II and the violence of the wartime period? This article explores the degree to which societal and elite-driven narratives about history converge in the context of a crucial historical anniversary. We demonstrate that the memory of World War II serves as an integrative historical event for an abstract, temporally transcendent idea of Russia. Our analysis draws on focus groups conducted among young people of different political orientation in June 2019, survey data targeting urban youth, conducted over three consecutive years (2018–2020), and cultural artifacts such as film and literature. There is significant overlap between the views that young people express about victory and commemoration and the prevailing cultural, political, educational, and historical discourses. However, there is significant controversy when it comes to the actual ways in which the current political regime remembers the victory, the role of Stalin, and how to understand violence against the civilian population. The shared historical view that the Putin regime has created therefore remains contested. Disagreement limits the extent to which memory can be a foundation for today’s political Russia as young respondents differentiate between their support for an abstract ideal of Russia and the existing political system.
Der Osten Kasachstans wurde Mitte der 1940er Jahre zum Zentrum des sowjetischen Atombombenprojektes, in Semipalatinsk entstand das größte Kernwaffentestgelände der Sowjetunion. Zwischen 1949 und 1989 wurden ohne Rücksicht auf die lokale Bevölkerung in Semipalatinsk Hunderte Kernwaffentests durchgeführt, deren verheerende Folgen für Mensch und Umwelt von der sowjetischen Führung jahrzehntelang verschwiegen wurden. Während der Öffnung unter Gorbatschow ist in der späten Sowjetrepublik Kasachstan eine internationale Anti-Atom-Bewegung entstanden, die entscheidende Impulse für den Weg der Denuklearisierung setzen konnte, den Kasachstan nach der Unabhängigkeit eingeschlagen hat. Nach dem Beitritt zum Atomwaffensperrvertrag 1993 ist Kasachstan seit 1995 atomwaffenfrei und hat die Bemühungen um eine Welt ohne Kernwaffen seitdem zu einem Eckpfeiler der Außenpolitik gemacht. Mehrgenerationale gesundheitliche Folgen und anhaltende Traumata manifestieren das atomare Erbe Kasachstans, das bis heute die Debatten über mögliche Formen der zivilen Nutzung von Kernenergie prägt.
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