The Delta-Notch signaling pathway plays a central role in the development of most vertebrate organs. The Hey family of bHLH transcription factors are direct targets of Notch signaling. Loss of Hey2 in the mouse leads to cardiac defects with high postnatal lethality. We have now generated a mouse Hey1 knockout that has no apparent phenotypic defect. The combined loss of Hey1 and Hey2, however, results in embryonic death after embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5) with a global lack of vascular remodeling and massive hemorrhage. Initial vasculogenesis appears unaffected, but all subsequently developing major vessels in the embryo and yolk sac are either small or absent. Furthermore, the placental labyrinth completely lacks embryonic blood vessels. Similar vascular defects are observed in Jagged1 and Notch1 knockout mice. In the latter we found Hey1 and Hey2 expression in yolk sacs to be strongly reduced. Remaining large arteries in both Notch1 and Hey1/Hey2 knockout mice fail to express the arterial endothelial markers CD44, neuropilin1, and ephrin-B2. This indicates that Hey1/Hey2 are essential transducers of Notch signals in cardiovascular development that may mediate arterial cell fate decision.[Keywords: Notch pathway; angiogenesis; vasculogenesis; arteriogenesis; Hey1; Hey2] Supplemental material is available at http://www.genesdev.org.

This novel protocol treatment induces a fast and long-term remission in severe pemphigus and seems to offer an improved side-effect profile compared with daily use of corticosteroids.

In vertebrates Notch signaling regulates cell fate decisions and boundary formation and it underlies several murine and human diseases. Gene targeting experiments point to key roles of Notch receptors, ligands, modulators and downstream targets in somitogenesis, neurogenesis and vascular development. Here we report the embryonic expression of the hairy-related basic helix-loop-helix gene HeyL in wild-type and Notch pathway mutant mice. We show that HeyL is strongly expressed in the presomitic mesoderm, the somites, the peripheral nervous system and smooth muscle of all arteries. Loss of HeyL expression at the level of nascent somites in Notch1 and Delta-like1 knockout mutants implicates HeyL as a Notch effector during somite formation. Furthermore, HeyL expression in vascular smooth muscle cells and in the thymus strikingly overlaps with that of Notch3, mutations of which underlie the CADASIL vascular disorder.

(ABSIS) scores have been proposed to provide an objective measure of pemphigus activity. These scores have been evaluated only on already treated patients mainly with mild to moderate activity. The objective was to assess the interrater reliability of ABSIS and PDAI scores and their correlation with other severity markers in a large international study. Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed pemphigus were enrolled in 31 centers. Severity scores were recorded during a 24-month period by the same two blinded investigators. Serum was collected at each visit for ELISA measurement of anti-desmoglein antibodies. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman rank correlation coefficient were calculated. A total of 116 patients with pemphigus vulgaris (n ¼ 84) or pemphigus foliaceus (n ¼ 32) were

Kidney development has often served as a model for epithelial-mesenchymal cell interaction where the branching epithelium of the ureteric bud induces the metanephrogenic mesenchyme to form epithelial nephrons. In a screen for genes differentially expressed during kidney development, we have identified a novel gene that is dynamically expressed in the branching ureter and the developing nephrons. It was designated Emu1 since it shares an N-terminal cysteine-rich domain with Emilin1/2 and Multimerin. This highly conserved EMI domain is also found in another novel protein (Emu2) of similar protein structure: an N-terminal signal peptide followed by the EMI domain, an interrupted collagen stretch, and a conserved C-terminal domain of unknown function. We identified two further secreted EMI domain proteins, prompting us to compare their gene and protein structures, the EMI domain phylogeny, as well as the embryonic expression pattern of known (Emilin1/2, Multimerin) and novel (Emu1/2, Emilin3, Multimerin2) Emu gene family members. Emu1 and Emu2 not only show a similar structural organization, but furthermore a striking complementary expression in organs developing through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. In these tissues, Emu1 is restricted to epithelial and Emu2 to mesenchymal cells. Preliminary biochemical analysis of Emu1/2 confirmed that they are secreted glycoproteins which are attached to the extracellular matrix and capable of forming homo- and heteromers via disulfide bonding. The widespread, but individually distinct expression patterns of all Emu gene family members suggest multiple functions during mouse embryogenesis. Their multidomain protein structure may indicate that Emu proteins interact with several different extracellular matrix components and serve to connect and integrate the function of multiple partner molecules.