As the urban basic medical insurance with the most widespread area and age coverage, a series of research is conducive to the optimization and better promotion of policies. As the main receptor of medical insurance, people analyze the impact of population factors on the expenditure of urban basic medical insurance, which is conducive to the improvement and implementation of the medical insurance system. In this paper, birth rate, total dependency ratio, urban population proportion, and educational population proportion were selected as independent variables, urban basic medical insurance expenditure was selected as dependent variables, and a regression model was established after data processing and analysis. The results show that the birth rate, the proportion of the urban population, and the expenditure of the urban basic medical insurance fund will change in the opposite direction; the expenditure of the urban basic medical insurance fund, the total dependency ratio, and the illiteracy rate will change in the same direction.