This paper proposes a novel solution, called a decentralized, efficient, privacy-preserving, and selective aggregation (DEP2SA) scheme, designed to support secure and user privacy-preserving data collection in the advanced metering infrastructure. DEP2SA is more efficient and applicable in real-life deployment, as compared with the state of the art, by adopting and adapting a number of key technologies: 1) it uses a multi-recipient system model, making it more applicable to a liberalized electricity market; 2) it uses the homomorphic Paillier encryption and selective aggregation methods to protect users' consumption data against both external and internal attacks, thus making it more secure; 3) it aggregates data at the gateways that are closest to the data originator, thus saving bandwidth and reducing the risk of creating a performance bottleneck in the system; and 4) it uses short signature and batch signature verification methods to further reduce computational and communication overheads imposed on aggregating nodes. The scheme has been analyzed in terms of security, computational, and communication overheads, and the results show that it is more secure, efficient, and scalable than related schemes.

This work presents a novel method for fabricating repeatable, uniform, large-area, highly sensitive, surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) substrates combined with silicon nanopillar arrays and silver nanoparticles. The proposed method consists of two steps: (1) induce periodic ripples in deionized water using a linearly polarized femtosecond laser; and (2) generate dense 80-nm-diameter nanopillar arrays with silver nanoparticles in silver nitrate solution with a 90° rotated polarization, femtosecond double-pulse train. As the pulse delay increases from 0 to 1000 fs, the mean size of the silver nanoparticles reduces, and the average number of nanoparticles increases, which, in turn, increases the enhancement factor of SERRS signals up to 1.1×10(9). Furthermore, melamine (down to 125 ppb) was detected by the fabricated SERRS substrates.

This Letter presents a simple, efficient approach for high surface-enhanced Raman scattering by one-step controllable fabrication of hierarchical structures (nanoparticles+subwavelength ripples) on silicon substrates in silver nitrate solutions using femtosecond double pulses based on nanoscale electron dynamics control. As the delays of the double pulses increase from 0 fs to 1 ps, the hierarchical structures can be controlled with (1) nanoparticles--the number of nanoparticles in the range of 40-100 nm reaches the maximum at 800 fs and (2) ripples--the subwavelength ripples become intermittent with decreased ablation depths. The redistributed nanoparticles and the modified ripple structures contribute to the maximum enhancement factor of 2.2×10(8) (measured by 10(-6)  M rhodamine 6G solution) at the pulse delay of 800 fs.

This study demonstrates cephazolin and clindamycin can penetrate the infected and normal NP. The antibiotics charge influences the delivery. Furthermore, infection condition selectively promotes antibiotic distribution within NP.

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