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Analysing phenological diversity of tropical trees provides a potential tool to detect climate change effects and devise forest management options. In this study, the leaf phenological activity of 28 dominant tree species in a moist sub-tropical hill forest of north-eastern India was examined for a period of 2 years and related to functional traits (i.e. leaf mass per area (LMA) and wood density (WD)). The peak phase of leaf fall occurred in the cool dry period (November to January) with leaf flush peaking in the pre-monsoon period (February to March), but variation was found between species as influenced by their phenological strategy, i.e. evergreen, leaf-exchanging or deciduous (<4 months leafless). Photoperiod and minimum temperature were the environmental factors most strongly correlated with phenological activity, and the synchrony index within species for both phenophases was 0.81. LMA was less in the deciduous species compared with the evergreen species, whereas WD did not differ. LMA was negatively correlated with the length of deciduousness as well as timing of leaf flush and fall indicating that LMA may be more important than WD in influencing phenological patterns in this forest. The study revealed that the phenological diversity of tropical trees is related to changes in environmental variables and has implication for forest management under changing climate. Further study will help in understanding the phenological response of trees to climatic factors and their potential future changes.

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Home-gardens are considered a sustainable production system in the tropics which also contribute to biodiversity conservation. This paper deals with indigenous knowledge and practices in conservation of the plants used by the Meiteis of Barak valley, Assam (India). Plants such as Eupatorium cannabinum, Meyna laxiflora, Parkia timoriana, Toona ciliata were conserved due to their specific uses. Bamboos also formed an important component of Meitei home-gardens due to their multipurpose uses. The Meitei's valuable traditional ecological knowledge systems are based on strong socio-cultural and traditional beliefs, confounded by the economic status of the people.