<p>Growth and development of the city lead to a drastic change in the natural environment, which causes a lot of environmental problems. Among the problems is the reduction and destruction of green cover. In Georgian cities, green cover can be found in two primary forms: natural habitats (which is currently very rare) and gardens (artificially cultivated, often for decorative purposes) and parks (synthesis of vegetation and entertainment attractions, which is a relatively latter form). The capital, Tbilisi, is an ancient city, and therefore it has gone through several stages of urban development, which logically led to the reduction of green space. The research aims to systematically map space and time changes in gardens and parks in Tbilisi. A geodatabase was created based on historical narrative sources, ancient maps, city plans, and satellite imagery in Arcmap 10.8, based on which a retrospective spatial analysis of gardens and parks in Tbilisi was performed. First, gardens and parks were identified; their location, area, vegetation types, changes, and primary drivers were determined and analyzed. The maps of Tbilisi from the 18th, 19th, and 20th centuries were used as a cartographic basis. They are compiled into different scales and projections. All the maps were georeferenced, and the gardens given in the historical sources are identified. In addition, Soviet topographic maps and satellite imagery (CORONA and aerial photography) were used to reconstruct the changes that took place in the 20th century. Based on the obtained results, it turns out that gardening was quite developed in Tbilisi in the Middle Ages. Mostly, oriental style gardens predominated. There were two main directions: publicly available gardens in the city area and gardens arranged around the noble palaces. In this case, in addition to local varieties (mostly broadleaf), varieties imported from different countries were also used. The city's green cover has been declining since the 19th century amid rapid urbanization. The replacement of gardens in the city with built-up areas begins. In the first half of the 20th century, coniferous plants (mostly pine) were planted intensively, and coniferous vegetation became the dominant type in gardens or parks (later). Since the second half of the 20th century, a new type of recreational places appeared- the park. It is a kind of synthesis, where attractions, open-air cafes, and children's spaces are arranged with a green cover. Arranging such parks was part of Tbilisi's master plans. Amid the complex social, political, and economic situation in the country since the 1990s, small parks have begun to disappear amid uncontrolled urban sprawl, compounded by the massive decline of coniferous vegetation in the face of the city's climate change (urban heat island) or/and parasites. Recently, the restoration of gardens and parks has become particularly active. It is part of the city’s new General plan.</p>

Ancient cities have witnessed many changes throughout their long history. These changes have different underlying causes in different regions of the world. This paper discusses the urban sprawl of Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, mainly from the beginning of the 19th century to 2020. Through analysis of historical materials, city plans, and old maps, layers of Tbilisi urban sprawl were created using ArcMap 10.8. Images of Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI have been used to assess changes over the last 30 years. We compared the obtained data with the census data conducted during the study period, reconstructed the current social, political, and economic situation using historical sources, and finally determined in which period the urban expansion took place, the reasons for it, and how this expansion affected the natural and social environments of the city.

During the period of 19th–20th centuries, there wasn’t cardinal scales of environmental degradation on the territories of Georgia, like in many regions of the world. However, this does not mean that there are no significant anthropogenic modifications to the landscape. At different times these changes were of varying intensity and territorial proportions. The aim of this study is to determine the scale of changes in various landscapes in Georgia during this period of time and the main driving forces behind them. In order to achieve this goal, the population density, the specific share of agricultural lands, especially the number of polluting industrial sites, etc., were determined by individual landscapes. It was determined which anthropogenic impacts (resettlement and large-scale construction, water and air pollution, transport, uncontrolled nature use, etc.) became the major determinants of this or that landscape. There have been identified the landscapes where the speed of use of natural resources is significantly higher than that natural resources of self-repair. The study identified 6 categories of anthropogenic transformation of Georgian landscapes. On the basis of research the degree of anthropogenic transformation of Georgia’s landscapes were established. Practically completely and strongly changed landscapes occupy only 20 % of the whole area of Georgia.The greatest area, almost 60 % of Georgia occupied by poorly changed landscapes.