Photothermal therapy (PTT) is recognized as a promising approach for cancer theranostics via the nonradiative conversion of light into heat energy. PTT treatment is able to reduce the adverse side effects of traditional chemotherapy. Some nanomaterials functionalized with unique physical and chemical properties have been integrated with multiple imaging modalities and a therapeutic function for applications. In the past decade, various nanomaterials for PTT applications have been reviewed, but a comprehensive survey of all classes of photothermal nanomaterials developed in recent years has not been done. A comprehensive discussion of PTT mechanisms using different nanomaterials and their application in combination therapy is useful for providing insights for PTT material development for disease treatment in the future. In this review, the recent advancement of functionalized nanomaterials for PTT and the excellence of PTT combined therapies in the field of anticancer are discussed. The momentous property of nanomaterials tailored for advancing the noninvasive therapeutic approach of PTT is also highlighted. Because a great deal of PTT nanomaterials have been developed in the past decades and reviewed in recent years, in this review, we only include the latest results reported in the past 5 years for discussion and comparison.

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Liver fibrosis is one of the leading causes of hepatic sclerosis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. However, the complex pathophysiological mechanisms of liver fibrosis are unknown, and no specific drugs are available to treat liver fibrosis. Atractylenolide III (ATL III) is a natural compound isolated from the plant Atractylodes lancea (Thunb.) DC. that possesses antioxidant properties and the ability to inhibit inflammatory responses. In this study, cholestatic hepatic fibrosis was induced in mice using a bile duct ligation (BDL) model and treated with 10 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg of ATL III via gavage for 14 days. ATL III significantly reduced the liver index, lowered serum ALT and AST levels, and reduced liver injury in bile-duct-ligated mice. In addition, ATL III significantly attenuated histopathological changes and reduced collagen deposition. ATL III reduced the expression of fibrosis-related genes α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), Collagen I (col1a1), Collagen IV (col4a2), and fibrosis-related proteins α-SMA and col1a1 in liver tissue. Using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to screen molecular targets and pathways, ATL III was found to affect the PI3K/AKT singling pathway by inhibiting the phosphorylation of PI3K and AKT, thereby ameliorating BDL-induced liver fibrosis. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to evaluate the effect of ATL III on liver metabolites in BDL mice. ATL III further affected glutamine metabolism by down-regulating the activity of glutamine (GLS1) and glutamine metabolism. ATL III further affected glutamine metabolism by down-regulating the activity of glutaminase (GLS1), as well as glutamine metabolism. Therefore, we conclude that ATL III attenuates liver fibrosis by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT pathway and glutamine metabolism, suggesting that ATL III is a potential drug candidate for treating liver fibrosis.

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