Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical visits each year for treatment. Between 1 and 2 percent of those patients with clinical disease will experience loss of vision of the infected cornea. The vast majority of these cases are the result of reactivation of a latent infection by herpes simplex type I virus and not due to acute disease. Interestingly, the acute infection is the model most often used to study this disease. However, it was felt that a recurrent model of HSK would be more reflective of what occurs during clinical disease. The recurrent animal models for HSK have employed both rabbits and mice. The advantage of rabbits is that they experience reactivation from latency absent any known stimulus. That said, it is difficult to explore the role that many immunological factors play in recurrent HSK because the rabbit model does not have the immunological and genetic resources that the mouse has. We chose to use the mouse model for recurrent HSK because it has the advantage of there being many resources available and also we know when reactivation will occur because reactivation is induced by exposure to UV-B light. Thus far, this model has allowed those laboratories using it to define several immunological factors that are important to this disease. It has also allowed us to test both therapeutic and vaccine efficacy. Video LinkThe video component of this article can be found at

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Lymphadenitis is the most generic form of extra pulmonary manifestation of tuberculosis. It is both diagnostic and therapeutic challenge because it mimics various other pathologic processes and yields inconsistent physical laboratory findings. Diagnosis is quite difficult often requiring biopsy. It is also important to differentiate tuberculous from non-tuberculous mycobacterial cervical lymphadenitis as their treatment protocols are different. We are presenting a case report of two patients who presented with neck swelling. Elastography is a recent advance in the field of sonography helping in identifying nature of pathology. Sonography, doppler and elastographic findings are discussed.

Background: Elastography is a new technique that can be especially helpful when used as an adjunct to conventional B-mode ultrasound in evaluating breast lesions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic performance of interpretation criteria for conventional sonography and sonoelastography in characterising fibroadenoma breast with pathological correlation. Methods: 50 breast fibroadenomas were prospectively evaluated by ultrasound as well as by strain elastography followed by FNAC//Histopathology correlation. The criteria used in breast elastography were Elastography Score and Strain Ratio. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were calculated for each modality. Results: The elastography score was found to have the best performance among the 2 criteria used with a sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 95.83%, 50% and 94% respectively. Conclusions: While conventional ultrasound remains the primary modality for the characterization of breast masses, elastography has the potential to improve the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of conventional ultrasound and, thus avoiding unnecessary biopsy.

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