Electroluminescence from quantum dots (QDs) is a suitable photon source for futuristic displays offering hyper‐realistic images with free‐form factors. Accordingly, a nondestructive and scalable process capable of rendering multicolored QD patterns on a scale of several micrometers needs to be established. Here, nondestructive direct photopatterning for heavy‐metal‐free QDs is reported using branched light‐driven ligand crosslinkers (LiXers) containing multiple azide units. The branched LiXers effectively interlock QD films via photo‐crosslinking native aliphatic QD surface ligands without compromising the intrinsic optoelectronic properties of QDs. Using branched LiXers with six sterically engineered azide units, RGB QD patterns are achieved on the micrometer scale. The photo‐crosslinking process does not affect the photoluminescence and electroluminescence characteristics of QDs and extends the device lifetime. This nondestructive method can be readily adapted to industrial processes and make an immediate impact on display technologies, as it uses widely available photolithography facilities and high‐quality heavy‐metal‐free QDs with aliphatic ligands.
As an alternative to the traditional Haber-Bosch process
for ammonia
synthesis under high temperature and pressure, the electrochemical
nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) under ambient conditions has been
getting attention. Although ruthenium (Ru) is considered the holy-grail
catalyst for the NH3 process, it suffers from low selectivity
due to the competition between NRR and hydrogen evolution reaction.
Experimental screening of new candidate catalysts that can circumvent
this challenge is highly resource-intensive, requiring significant
labor and expensive precursors. To address this challenge, we have
combined density functional theory and kinetic Monte Carlo to shortlist
high-performing NRR catalysts. Specifically, this framework utilizes
a combination of thermodynamic, electronic, and kinetic analyses to
investigate different bimetallic catalysts (i.e., RuTi, RuV2, Ru3W, RuZn3, and RuZr) with specially designed
separate active sites for N2 and H adsorption to enhance
NRR performance. Our investigations revealed that the newly suggested
RuV2 has superior NRR activity with decreased thermodynamic
overpotential and increased reaction rates that surpass those of Ru.
Notably, RuV2 shows a high N2 selectivity by
significantly reducing H poisoning on the catalyst surface and increasing
the amount of NH3 with a turnover frequency of 1.1 ×
10–4 s–1 under mild conditions
(300 K and 1 bar), which is 1 000 times greater than that of
a pure Ru electrocatalyst. Given these key observations, we believe
our framework can play a pivotal role in elucidating the role of different
active sites for NRR and can be extended to other high-impact metallic
catalyst families in the future.
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