Background: Currently, hybrid composite resin is the mostly used fi lling material to restore esthetic and function. During function, this material is in contact with various pH from food consumption, which is acidic and alkali which may effect the physical properties of composite resin, including surface roughness. Purpose: The research was conducted to determine the effect of pH in saliva on surface roughness of hybrid composite resin. Methods: This research used artifi cial saliva and composite resin samples divided into 3 groups based on different pH of immersion (pH 4, pH 7 and pH 10) for 30 days. Results: There were signifi cant differences (p > 0.05) among those three treatment groups of hybrid composites soaked in artifi cial saliva with different pH for 30 days. And, with LSD test it is also known that there were signifi cant differences between the artifi cial saliva with pH 4 and pH 7, whereas there was no signifi cant difference between pH 4 and pH 10 and between pH 7 and pH 10. Conclusion: It can concluded that the changes of salivary pH affect the surface roughness of the hybrid composite resin. Acidic pH has increase the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin, whereas alkaline pH has no effects on the surface roughness of hybrid composite resin.

Background: Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) is a bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis

IntroductIon Enamel is the hardest biological tissue in the human body [1] that even more durable than cartilage and bone. Given its mechanical properties, enamel plays an important role in physiological functions such as biting, chewing, and the protection of underlying structures. Enamel consists of 4% organic material and 96% inorganic mineral in the form of hydroxyapatite (HA). [1] Enamel possesses mechanical properties including hardness, elastic properties, and dynamic mechanical properties (viscoelasticity) with hardness being considered the most important mechanical trait of enamel. [1] Various methods have been developed to improve the mechanical properties of enamel in order to prevent the early formation of caries. One of these is the use of fluoride which could be applied in one of two ways: systemic and local. [2] Its provision through topical application can include various forms, one of which is 2% sodium fluoride (NaF). [3] However, topical fluoride applications should be carefully monitored due to the potential for overingestion and toxicity. [2] Fluoride is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract, a process to which children are especially susceptible. Moreover, the risk of chronic fluor toxicity manifested as fluorosis or mottled enamel exists if excessive quantities of fluoride are ingested. [2] Research has discovered alternatives to the use of chemicals consisting of basic herbal ingredients. Indonesia is one of Aims: Enamel is the hardest tissue in the human body and possessing mechanical properties, such as physiological functions as chewing, while protecting the underlying structure. Fluoride increase and improve one of the mechanical properties which is tooth surface hardness, but the excessive use of fluoride has the risk of fluorosis. Theobromine in cacao rind extract could potentially be used as an alternative herbal ingredient. Theobromine increases tooth enamel surface hardness through interstitial reactions. The aim of this study is to analyze differences in the hardness of the enamel surface by immersing it in extract of cacao rind and fluoride. Materials and Methods: The dental crowns of 27 square-shaped bovine incisors were planted in a round-shaped resin mold and divided into three groups consisting of nine samples. The control group was immersed in artificial saliva, Group I was immersed in artificial saliva with 0.1% of theobromine cacao rind extract, while Group II was immersed in a combination of artificial saliva and 2% sodium fluoride (NaF). The measuring of surface hardness was performed using Wolpert Wilson Vickers Microhardness tester after the sample had been immersed in the incubator for 30 min at 37°C. Results: Those groups immersed in artificial saliva to which 0.1% theobromine cacao rind extract was added yielded the highest surface hardness. The surface hardness of groups immersed in artificial saliva with the addition of 2% NaF was higher than that of the artificial saliva group. Conclusions: There was significant difference in the tooth enamel surface ha...

Objective To analyze the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) and collagen type 1 on dental pulp after a treated combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis. Materials and Methods The first maxillary molars of 30 rats were mechanically perforated. Teeth were divided into three groups of 10 for two separate extraction time frames, giving a total of 60 rats. The control groups were treated with Cention, the second treatment groups were treated with calcium hydroxide, and the third treatment groups were treated with a combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis. Final restoration was done with Cention. The teeth were extracted on days 7 and 14, and the expression of NF-kB and collagen type I was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. Results There is lowest NF-kB expression and highest collagen type 1 expression on dental pulp after treated with a combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis on days 7 and 14 (p < 0.05). Conclusion The combination of calcium hydroxide and propolis inhibits pulp inflammation and stimulates regeneration through decreasing the NF-kB expression and increasing collagen type 1.

Background: A diastema is the distance or space between two or more adjacent teeth. This abnormality can interfere with the aesthetics of a patient, and 97% of diastemas occur in the maxilla. Various treatments can be performed for diastema closure in patients, one of which is composite resin restoration. Purpose: To explain the aesthetic procedure for diastema closure. Case: A 20-year-old female patient presented with complaints of the distance between her anterior teeth (Class I Angle occlusion with normal overjet and overbite). The labial frenum associated with the diastema was normal in size and position. The patient was not amenable to invasive procedures. Case Management: Management of midline diastema closure using the direct composite technique with DSD, the putty index method and button shade technique. Conclusion: The closure of a midline diastema with direct composite using DSD, the putty index method and button shade technique provides aesthetic results with less cost and time due to the absence of laboratory procedures.