Breast cancer has ranked number one cancer among Indian females. In addition to conventional histopathology based on morphology, the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) recommend evaluation of hormone receptors – Estrogen Receptor (ER), Progesterone Receptor (PR) as well as HER2. The role of hormone receptors as a prognostic and therapeutic tool in breast cancer is widely accepted. The molecular subtyping is formulated by immunohistochemical characterization as well as gene expression profiling though the latter is currently not feasible. In the present study we retrospectively measured the frequency of hormone receptor and HER2 positivity in breast cancer patients and classified into the molecular subtypes. We conducted a three year retrospective study on 45 cases of breast cancer who underwent Modified radical mastectomy (MRM), subjected to immunohistochemical evaluation for the status of hormone receptors and HER2 expression as per the ASCO/CAP guidelines. In addition, the clinical details pertaining to patient age, sex, tumour size and histological type were recorded. The molecular subtype of each case was determined and the prevalence compared with similar studies in literature. The predominant histopathological type in this study was Invasive ductal carcinoma (93.3%). Immunohistochemistry for hormone receptor status revealed ER positivity of 55.5%, PR positivity of 46.6% and HER2 positivity of 33.5%. Among molecular subtyping Luminal A attributed to 33.3% of the cases and was the most prevalent followed by HER2 enriched with 26.6%.The combined utility of conventional histopathology coupled with immunohistochemical assay based molecular subtyping for routine clinical practice enables diagnosis, estimating prognosis and predicting response to treatment.

Malignant Primary osteosarcomas of the breast are rare mammary sarcomas with aggressive potential. Unlike skeletal osteosarcomas which occurs in young adults, these tumors predominantly occur in the older age group. It is essential to clearly distinguish primary osteosarcomas of the breast from the common breast carcinomas since the treatment model for the former follows a multidisciplinary approach as for sarcomas affecting other anatomical locations. A seventy year old female presented with swelling in the right breast since three years with progressive increase in size and mammographic evidence showing a well circumscribed dense lesion with focal calcification favouring fibroadenoma. While cytosmears showed atypical cells obscured by haemorrhage, trucut biopsy showed malignant features with a possible differential of Phyllodes tumour and metaplastic carcinoma with osseous elements. Subsequent mastectomy was done and histology revealed a primary osteosarcoma of the breast. Primary osteosarcoma of breast is an extra -osseous manifestation which is diagnosed after excluding the possibility of primary from the underlying bones of sternum and rib, malignant phyllodes and metaplastic carcinoma. Considering the rarity of this entity we believe that each case can contribute to the improvement in the diagnosis and management of this disease.

The role of hormone receptor status including estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER-2/neu) commonly termed as ER, PR, and HER-2/neu expression in breast cancer by immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a widely accepted tool to assess prognosis as well as therapeutic management. With further standardization of the reporting template prescribed by the College of American Pathologists as "CAP Protocol" and American Society of Clinical Oncology ("ASCO guidelines"), IHC has effectively replaced cytological assays in evaluating the status of expression of hormonal receptors. The pattern of these hormonal receptors' expressions varies with regard to genetic, environment, lifestyle, and sociodemographic factors. There are well-established clinical evidences to substantiate the clinical utility of ER expression as a standard predictive biomarker to assess the prognosis of hormonal therapy. The same insight about the clinical utility of PR is questionable. However, the diagnostic utility of PR for predicting the clinical response to chemotherapy among ER-positive breast cancer patients remains unclear. This warrants future studies incorporating the integrated analysis of survival data, gene expression and its data profile, and compilation of ER and PR expressions from various large cohort analysis of breast cancer patients. This review focuses on the clinical utility and the inherent variation of the hormone receptor expression among notable diverse demographic study groups across the world.