The open-circuit voltage of the cell Na/~-alumina/Na2Sx/pyrolytic graphite has been measured as a function of temperature and sodium-polysulfide composition. From these data, differential free energy, entropy, and enthalpy values for the potential-determining reaction and the differential free energy of formation for various polysulfide compositions were calculated. The partial differential enthalpy (H1) of adding Na to the polysulfide melt is --47.6 kcal/ tool independent of melt composition and temperature. The solubility of sulfur in sodium pentasulfide was determined between 280~176 and the Na2S-S phase diagram of Pearson and Robinson was revised in the Na2S2-S range and extended to show the Na-rich border of the miscibility gap. " Electrochemical Society Active Member. Key words: free energy of formation, phase diagram. ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 128.210.126.199 Downloaded on 2015-05-29 to IP Vol. I19, No. 8 ) unless CC License in place (see abstract). ecsdl.org/site/terms_use address. Redistribution subject to ECS terms of use (see 128.210.126.199 Downloaded on 2015-05-29 to IP

SummaryBackgroundBetween 1990 and 2000, we examined the effect of timing of non-platinum chemotherapy when combined with radiotherapy. We aimed to determine whether giving chemotherapy concurrently with radiotherapy or as maintenance therapy, or both, affected clinical outcome. Here we report survival and recurrence after 10 years of follow-up.MethodsBetween Jan 15, 1990, and June 20, 2000, 966 patients were recruited from 34 centres in the UK and two centres from Malta and Turkey. Patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer, and who had not previously undergone surgery, were randomly assigned to one of four groups in a 3:2:2:2 ratio, stratified by centre and chemotherapy regimen: radical radiotherapy alone (n=233); radiotherapy with two courses of chemotherapy given simultaneously on days 1 and 14 of radiotherapy (SIM alone; n=166); or 14 and 28 days after completing radiotherapy (SUB alone, n=160); or both (SIM+SUB; n=154). Chemotherapy was either methotrexate alone, or vincristine, bleomycin, methotrexate, and fluorouracil. Patients who had previously undergone radical surgery to remove their tumour were only randomised to radiotherapy alone (n=135) or SIM alone (n=118), in a 3:2 ratio. The primary endpoints were overall survival (from randomisation), and event-free survival (EFS; recurrence, new tumour, or death; whichever occurred first) among patients who were disease-free 6 months after randomisation. Analyses were by intention to treat. This trial is registered at www.Clinicaltrials.gov, number NCT00002476.FindingsAll 966 patients were included in the analyses. Among patients who did not undergo surgery, the median overall survival was 2·6 years (99% CI 1·9–4·2) in the radiotherapy alone group, 4·7 (2·6–7·8) years in the SIM alone group, 2·3 (1·6–3·5) years in the SUB alone group, and 2·7 (1·6–4·7) years in the SIM+SUB group (p=0·10). The corresponding median EFS were 1·0 (0·7–1·4), 2·2 (1·1–6·0), 1·0 (0·6–1·5), and 1·0 (0·6–2·0) years (p=0·005), respectively. For every 100 patients given SIM alone, there are 11 fewer EFS events (99% CI 1–21), compared with 100 given radiotherapy, 10 years after treatment. Among the patients who had previously undergone surgery, median overall survival was 5·0 (99% CI 1·8–8·0) and 4·6 (2·2–7·6) years in the radiotherapy alone and SIM alone groups (p=0·70), respectively, with corresponding median EFS of 3·7 (99% CI 1·1–5·9) and 3·0 (1·2–5·6) years (p=0·85), respectively. The percentage of patients who had a significant toxicity during treatment were: 11% (radiotherapy alone, n=25), 28% (SIM alone, n=47), 12% (SUB alone, n=19), and 36% (SIM+SUB, n=55) among patients without previous surgery; and 9% (radiotherapy alone, n=12) and 20% (SIM alone, n=24) among those who had undergone previous surgery. The most common toxicity during treatment was mucositis. The percentage of patients who had a significant toxicity at least 6 months after randomisation were: 6% (radiotherapy alone, n=13), 6% (SIM alone, n=10), 4% (SUB alone, n=7), and 6% (SIM+SUB, n=9) among patients who...

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The recent invention of rechargeable "modified" manganese oxide materials paves the way to the development of secondary batteries suitable for numerous applications. This includes alternatives to primary dry cells, and secondary lead/ acid and nickel-cadmium batteries. Present results describe the performance of cells in which the modified materials are coupled with zinc and iron. As opposed to iron which does not affect the longevity and capacity retention of the modified electrodes, zinc has a pejorative effect on modified MnO2 materials, owing to the formation of hetaerolite at the positive electrode. Methods to alleviate this effect and produce viable modified MnO2/Zn systems are described. At present, these systems retain about 50% of their theoretical one-electron capacity even after two hundred fast charge-discharge cycles.

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