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The present investigation had two objectives: first, to study the effect of the geometry of the tool pin, and second, the effect of tool rotation and welding speeds on the mechanical properties of friction stir welded joints made for samples of commercial grade aluminium alloys. The results obtained from the performed experiments showed that tools with tapered pins created superior mechanical properties for the friction stir welded joints. It was also found that overall mechanical response depended on the ratio of the tool rotation speed to the tool traverse speed. Suitable values for this ratio were isolated that lead to high quality mechanical properties for the created joints.

Welding process parameters and joint fit-ups significantly affect angular distortion patterns. By using constraints at proper positions the angular distortion can be minimized. In the present work the effect of constraints in the form of tack welds to minimize angular distortion in one-sided fillet welds has been analysed. It has been observed that proper positioning of tacks plays an important role in controlling angular distortion. The process was modelled using the three-dimensional finite element technique. Three-dimensional transient thermal analyses were done for predicting temperature distributions by considering a moving heat source. The element birth and death technique was used for simulating filler material deposition. The fillet welds were sectioned and microstructure zones were measured. The thermal model was verified by comparing the temperatures obtained from the thermal analysis with experimental results. Transient thermal and non-linear structural analyses were carried out in order to predict angular distortions.

The capacitive sensors are used in a variety of industrial and automotive application. A capacitive sensor converts a change in position, or properties of dielectric material into an electrical signal. These properties of capacitor can be used to measure the liquid level in storage tanks. The various aspects and configurations of capacitive liquid level measurement have been described. Here, review is also done on the several types of liquid level measurement techniques using capacitive sensor, for conducting and non-conducting liquid.