The agriculture sector has been facing challenges due to climate change particularly increasing global water scarcity which threatens irrigated low land rice production. Alternate Wetting and drying (AWD) is a water management system where rice fields are not continuously submerged and the fields are allowed to dry intermittently during the rice-growing period. AWD technique is a necessity for modern farming of rice as it is profitable over the continuous flooding irrigation system which prevents the wastage of scarce and vital water resources, irrigation cost and protects the environment from degradation. It also protects human health from diseases like Malaria as there is an absence of continuous flooding for the mosquito to lay eggs. It helps to enhance food security by increasing the production, nutrient content, and minimizing the toxic elements in rice. However, if this technique is not done properly in the field from time to time, we can also get negative impacts. It varies according to soil condition, irrigation timing, environment, etc.

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Climate change has caused serious effect on agriculture production. The global population is increasing and to meet their demand for fuel, food, and fiber, Farmer should adopt sustainable agriculture practices which provides resilience to climate change and uplifts the farmers’ livelihood. Climate-smart agriculture practices are taken as eco-friendly practices that help to enhance production sustainably with minimum effect on resources and environments. These practices include No-tillage, reduced tillage, Intercropping, integrated pest management, Rainwater harvesting, use of information and communication technology, etc. As women are an integral part of agriculture production and are more vulnerable to climate change, the Gender-responsive approach needs to be addressed which helps to close the gender gap in agriculture. Nepal, as a vulnerable country in terms of climate change, is adopting different programs and policies at the national and local level to tackle climate change. Climate-smart villages(CSV) in Nepal are practicing different CSA practices at the farm level to secure foods and livelihoods.