1. The present study is designed to investigate the brain distribution and plasma pharmacokinetics profiles of chlorogenic acid (CGA) after intranasal administration in Charles-Foster rats to evaluate whether the CGA molecules are transported directly via the nose-to-brain path. 2. The CGA is administered intravenously (IV) and intranasally (IN) at the dose of 10 mg/kg. Further, its concentration in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the whole brain is analyzed by HPLC-UV method. 3. The study observes that CGA is rapidly absorbed in plasma with t of 1 min similar to IV route after IN administration. The peak plasma concentration and AUC are higher by 3.5 and 4.0 times respectively in IV administration, compared to IN delivery that represents the significant less systemic exposure of CGA in IN route. 4. However, the concentration of CGA in the brain is 4, 6.5, 5.3, 5.2 and 4.5 times higher at 30, 60, 120, 240 and 360 min, respectively in IN administration compared to IV administration. The exposure of CGA in the brain after IN administration (AUC) was significantly greater (4 times) as compared to the exposure of CGA in the brain (AUC) after IV administration reflecting significant brain uptake of CGA through nasal route. Therefore, IN delivery of CGA can be a promising approach for the treatment of stroke and neurodegenerative disorders.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is progressively being recognized amongst the most vital medical and social issues in older individuals in industrialized and non-industrialized countries. To date, just symptomatic medications exist for this disease, all attempting to offset the neurotransmitter disturbance. Recently, cholinesterase inhibitors (CIs) are now accessible and have been authorized for the treatment of mild to moderate AD. Further remedial alternative available for moderate to severe AD is memantine, an N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor noncompetitive antagonist. Treatments equipped for halting or slightly adjusting the course of AD are known as "ailment changing" medications, and are still under extensive examination. To obstruct the movement of the ailment, they need to interfere with the pathogenic steps in charge of the clinical symptoms, including the disposition of extracellular amyloid β plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangle formation, irritation, oxidative damage, iron deregulation and cholesterol metabolism. This paper discusses the cure for Alzheimer's disease, the current symptomatic treatments and the treatment of mild and moderate Alzheimer's disease and the functions of its drugs.

Aging is mostly associated with reduction in cognitive abilities even in the presumed healthy. The rise in the aging population across various countries is a representation of an emerging public health challenge in the perspective of disability and the impact on the economy. Safe medicines that improve cognition abilities in elderly people may arrest the personal and social losses caused by cognitive decline. An effective way of combating stress is by use of adaptogen such as Brahmi and Ashwagandha, which are safe and effective stress relievers. This paper seeks to analyze the efficiency and safety of highly concentrated, full spectrum extracts of Brahmi and Ashwagandha roots in anxiety and stress reduction and in enhancing the overall well-being of stressed adults.

Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS or NOS1) is an important therapeutic target for the treatment of various neurological diseases. A major challenge faced in the design of nNOS inhibitors emphasizes on potency in humans and selectivity over other NOS isoforms À À À eNOS and iNOS. The present structural-based in silico study was carried out to search potent and selective inhibitor for human nNOS from a set of 40 Withania somnifera phytochemicals structure. Ten phytochemicals appear as dual-selective inhibitors of nNOS over both iNOS and eNOS. Here we report¯ve potent and selective human nNOS inhibitors, namely, Chlorogenic Acid, Withanolide B, Withacnistin Pelletierine, and Calystegine B2 based on their selectivity, binding energy and nNOS active site residues interaction pro¯le. These phytochemicals have nNOS selectivity higher than 4-methyl-6-(2-(5-(3-(methylamino)propyl)pyridin-3-yl)-ethyl) pyridin-2-amine inhibitor and have potential as an oral neurotherapeutic agent to combat neurological disorders mediated by nNOS activation.

The anti-ageing drugs have become the pinnacle of increased focus on biotechnology and are linked with innovative clinical preventive drugs. The specialty is initiated on the claim of groundbreaking scientific and medical technologies. These innovative technologies aim to prevent, treat, and restrict age-related disorders. This research paper attempted to examine the various types of drugs and treatments methods for anti-ageing. One of the drugs for anti-ageing cure is rapamycin, which is a remedy that has the capacity to destroy the immune system. Calorie restriction is recommendable because it helps to prolong lifespan among ageing people. Another recommendable drug is metformin, which restores insulin sensitivity for people with type II diabetes. Antioxidants drugs are also crucial for prolonging lifespan. Hormonal therapies are effective treatment for prolonging lifespan of people. Human growth hormone, melatonin, estrogen, which is mostly for women, insulin-like growth factor, and DHEA are among the hormonal therapies vital for prolonging life.