This work presented controllable growth of ZnO nanostructures with different aspect ratios by the microwave irradiation method and investigated the photocatalytic degradation of methyl red (MR). X-ray diffraction (XRD), high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements showed that all ZnO nanostructures were of a hexagonal phase structure. It was revealed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images that the morphology of ZnO can be effectively controlled as sheetlike, rod-like, brush-like, flower-like, prism-like, and pyramid-like only by changing the molar ratio (zinc acetate: KOH) and reaction time. With the increase of molar ratio and reaction time, modification in the E 2 (high) and E 1 (LO) Raman modes was observed. The energy band gap was found to be tuned by the aspect ratio of ZnO nanostructures. Photoluminescence spectroscopy revealed the low-intensity NBE emission and high and broad defect-related emission for high aspect ratio ( 14) nanorods. BET surface area porosity analysis confirmed the presence of a mesoporous network in all the nanostructures, showed high surface area and a uniform pore-size distribution for high aspect ratio nanorods. A terephthalic acid assay study confirmed the formation of hydroxyl radicals (OH) in MR dye solution treated with a ZnO nanostructures photocatalyst. The photodegradation of MR under UV light irradiation showed that ZnO nanorods with a high aspect ratio of $14 showed superior photodegradation ($98% degradation of MR within 60 min) than that of the lower aspect ratio nanostructures. The apparent reaction rate constant for high aspect ratio (14) nanorods was higher than that of the lower aspect ratio nanostructures. The enhancement in photocatalytic performance could be due to the high surface area and enhanced charge separation and transfer efficiency of photoinduced charge carriers in the high aspect ratio nanorods.

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The electrochemical sensor has received considerable attention because of the future on-time monitoring technologies. To meet the requirements of on-time monitoring applications, it is of prodigious importance to discover new catalysts for the electrochemical sensor that have good conductivity and physicochemical properties. The novelty of this work is the successful synthesis of lanthanum vanadate/functionalized boron nitride (LaV/F-BN) nanocomposites and their application toward the electrochemical detection of furazolidone (FZD). The fabricated sensors containing nanocomposites of LaV/F-BN modified electrode displayed improved electrochemical sensing behavior for the detection of FZD compared to other electrodes. This electrocatalyst showed reduction potential at −0.42 V (vs Ag/AgCl2), a low detection limit (0.003 μM), acceptable selectivity, and wide linear range (0.015–300 μM) with a correlation coefficient of 0.995, which is better than the previous literature. The enhanced catalytic activity of the proposed sensor is mainly attributed to the abundant exposed active sites, high surface area, better conductivity, rapid electron transfer, synergistic effect, and functional groups. The practical utility of the LaV/F-BN based sensor was evaluated via the determination of FZD in human blood serum and urine samples.

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