Ethyl-p-methoxycinnammate (1) is a major component of the rhizome of Kaempferia galanga that has been found to have a diverse of pharmacological activity such as mosquito repellent and larvicidal, anti-tuberculosis, sedative, anticancer, analgesic and anti-inflammatory and hypo-pigmentary. In this research, we conducted the evaluation of the sedative-hypnotic activity of 1 and its amide derivative, N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-p-methoxycinnamamide (2) by using diazepam-induced sleep models. Each compound was evaluated in a range of doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (by oral route) and received diazepam at a dose of 20 mg/kg (Intraperitoneal). Result of assay indicated that compound 1 showed significant decrease onset of sleep at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (p <0.05), and a significant increase in duration of sleep at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg (p<0.05), compared to the control group. Compound 2 increase onset sleep at doses of 100, 200 mg/kg (P <0.05), and a significant decrease in duration of sleep at a dose of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg (P <0.05), compared to control group. Hence, it suggests that compound 1 showed a significant sedative-hypnotic effect (p<0.05), whereas, compound 2 has no significant sedative-hypnotic effect (p>0.05).

The advent of online learning has made it necessary for educators to develop new teaching strategies, particularly in the area of questioning techniques. This study aimed to explore the types of questioning strategies employed by teachers during online reading classes and identify the factors that contribute to the frequent use of a specific approach. The study used observation checklists and interview guidelines based on Bloom's taxonomy and Wragg and Brown's questioning strategies to gather data from second-year English language students enrolled in an online reading class. The research findings revealed that to engage students, evaluate their comprehension, and ensure alignment with the textbook material the teacher primarily utilized "Understand" and "Analyze" questions, along with directed, distributed, responded, and sequenced strategies. The teacher also utilized Zoom's chat box feature to ask questions and enable students to provide direct answers. The results of this study demonstrate the importance of effective questioning techniques in online learning environments. The teacher's use of a variety of questioning strategies had a positive impact on the students' ability to acquire knowledge, demonstrating that a diverse range of strategies can help students achieve deeper levels of understanding. The research findings have important implications for the education sector as it provides insights into effective teaching strategies that can help promote student engagement and enhance their learning outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to determine and describe the effect of work motivation and professional competence of teachers on the performance of junior high school teachers in Kedaton subdistrict, observation highway, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency. The research population of junior high school teachers in Kedaton Peninajian Raya Subdistrict, Ogan Komering Ulu Regency is 100 teachers. The sampling technique was simple random sampling with a total of 50 teachers. The data collection method used a questionnaire. The results show 1) there is a significant effect of work motivation on teacher performance, 2) there is a significant effect of teacher professional competence on teacher performance, 3) there is a significant influence between work motivation and teacher professional competence on teacher performance.