Background: There is a growing patient population using yoga as a therapeutic intervention, but little is known about how yoga interfaces with health care in clinical settings. Purpose: To characterize how yoga is documented at a large academic medical center and to systematically identify clinician-derived therapeutic use cases of yoga. Methods: We designed a retrospective observational study using a yoga cohort (n ‫؍‬ 30,976) and a demographically matched control cohort (n ‫؍‬ 92,919) from the electronic health records at Penn Medicine between 2006 and 2016. We modeled the distribution of yoga notes among patients, clinicians, and clinical service departments, built a multinomial Naïve Bayes classifier to separate the notes by contextdependent use of the word yoga, and modeled associations between clinician recommendations to use yoga and 754 diagnostic codes with Fisher's exact test, setting an false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P-value < .05 (ie, q-value) as the significance threshold. Results: Yoga mentions in the electronic health record have increased 10.4-fold during the 10-year study period, with 2.6% of patients having at least 1 mention of yoga in their notes. In total, 30,976 patients, 2398 clinicians, and 41 clinical service departments were affiliated with yoga notes. The majority of yoga notes are in primary care. Nine diagnoses met the significance criteria for having an association with clinician recommendations to use yoga including Parkinson's disease (Odds ratio [OR], 6.3 [3.7 to 11.4]; q-value < 0.001), anxiety (OR, 5.8 [3.8 to 9.0]; q-value < 0.001), and backache (OR, 3.8 [2.4 to 6.3]; q-value ‫؍‬ 0.001). Conclusions: There is a widespread and growing trend to include yoga as part of the clinical record. In practice, clinicians are recommending yoga as a nonpharmacological intervention for a subset of common chronic diseases.

An 8-month-old male infant patient was referred to our institution (from elsewhere) with a history of fever, convulsions, dystonic posturing, altered sensorium, and loss of motor and mental milestones since past 1 month. Upon admission to our institution, a neuroimaging (magnetic resonance imaging of the brain) revealed frontoparietal atrophy, “bat-wing appearance,” and basal ganglia changes. Carnitine and acylcarnitine profile revealed low total carnitine, very low free carnitine, and low free/acylcarnitine ratio, with normal levels of plasma amino acids. Urine gas chromatography mass spectrometry showed an elevated level of ketones (3-hydroxybutyric acid and acetoacetate) and glutaric acid with the presence of 3-hydroxyglutaric acid, suggestive of glutaric aciduria type 1. Diet modification and pharmacotherapy with riboflavin and carnitine arrested the neurological deterioration in the patient.