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Recently, significant advances over the past decade have been made in robotics, artificial intelligence and other cognitive related fields, allowing development of highly sophisticated bio-mimetic robotics systems. In addition, enormous number of robots have been designed and assembled by explicitly realising their biological oriented behaviours. To enhance skill behaviours and adequate grasping abilities in these devices, a new phase of dexterous hands has been developed recently with bio-mimetically oriented and bio-inspired functionalities. The aim in writing this review paper is to present a detailed insight towards the development of the bio-mimetic based dexterous robotic multi-fingered artificial hand. An "ideal" upper limb prosthesis should be perceived as a part of their natural body by the amputee and should replicate sensory-motor capabilities of the amputated limb. Upper-limb amputations are most often the result of sudden trauma to the body, although they also can be caused by malignancy, congenital deficiencies and vascular diseases. This paper discusses the different bio-mimetic approaches using a framework that permits for a common description of biological and technical based hand manipulation behaviour. In particular, the review focuses on a number of developments in the inspired robotic systems. In conclusion, the study found that a huge amount of research efforts in terms of kinematics, dynamics, modelling and control methodologies are being put in to improve the present hand technology, thereby providing more functionality to the prosthetic limb of the amputee. This would improve their quality-of-life and help in performing activities of daily living (ADL) tasks with comparative ease in the near future.

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: 3D printing plays a crucial role in the development of controlled porous architectures of scaffolds for cartilage tissue regeneration. In the present study, different compositions of chitosan-gelatin-alginate composite scaffolds with controlled porosity and architectures were 3D printed. To obtain the desired scaffold, an in-house 3D paste extruder printer was developed, which is capable of printing porous composite chitosan hydrogel scaffolds of desired architecture layer by layer. Stereolithography (STL) files of 3D models for porous chitosan composite were created using computeraided design (CAD) and printed with a hydrogel flow rate within the range of 0.2-0.25 ml/min. The prepared composite scaffolds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy SEM, swelling property, mechanical testing, porosity, etc. In-vitro cell culture study was observed on 3D printed chitosan, gelatin, and alginate hydrogel scaffolds. The prepared scaffolds were highly porous, having optimum porosity, optimal mechanical strength to sustain the cartilage formation. The 3D printed chitosan composite scaffolds supported the differentiation of chondrocytes. The above study is helpful for in-vivo regeneration of cartilage for patients having related cartilage disorders.

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